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Biology Fall Semester Exam Review Chapter 1, Safety and the Scientific Method 1. Safety goggles, plastic gloves, no open flame, and the experiment should be conducted in a well ventilated room 2. To avoid cross contamination. 3. Mass ------it is measured in grams 4. Volume -----it is measured in liters, bottom 5. --------6. 460.6 grams 7. 1.3 cm 8. 35 mL 9. Independent Variable – Is the variable that the scientist controls. It is independent of all other factors. 10. Dependent Variable – What the scientist is measuring. It is dependent on the independent variable. 11. Controlled variable 12. One 13. A control group is used for comparison. It shows the “norm” in an experiment. 14. A control group gives you something to compare your results to. 15. (a )Independent variable ---Gingko biloba (b) Dependent variable ----mass of guppies (c) Control group ---the group of guppies that only received their normal diet 16. age of the tree (in years) 17. radius 18. 3.5 cm 19. The age of the tree is directly related to the average of its radius Chapter 2: Biochemistry 20. H = 2 C = 1 O = 3 21. Monomer 22. Fill in the following chart: Elements Macromolecule Monomers Function(s) Example Contained Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Energy source; structure C, H, O Sugars, starches Lipids Glycerol + fatty Energy source, main C, H, O Fats, oils, waxes, acids component of cell phospholipids membrane Protein Amino acids Enzymes, immunity, C, H, O, N Hemoglobin, structure of bones and enzymes muscles Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Transmit and store C, H, O, N, P DNA, RNA genetic information 23. Protein; Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid 24. Water is polar and it can dissolve other polar substances. 25. covalent 26. hydrogen A 27. (See picture on right) 28. Activation energy 29. enzyme Chapter 7: Cells 30. Ocular x Objective = total magnification 31. Diaphragm (under the stage) 32. Start with the scanning power objective. Use the coarse adjustment to find the image in the eyepiece. Use the fine adjustment to fine tune the image. Increase the power of the objective lenses without touching the coarse objective knob. You can fine tune using the fine adjustment knob each time the objective power is increased. 33. nucleus; prokaryotes 34. prokaryotes; eukaryotes Animal Cell A) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus. (ribosomes are attached) B) Cytoplasm—liquid matrix of the cell suspending all the organelles C) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes lipids and sends them to the Golgi apparatus. (ribosomes are not attached) D) Nucleolus—makes ribosomes E) Nucleus—control cell functions; chromosomes located here F) Mitochondria—provides most energy used by the cell by breaking down food to create ATP G) Golgi Apparatus-- receives proteins from the ER and sends them to specific parts of the cell and body H) Ribosome—makes proteins I) Cell Membrane—controls what enters and leaves the cell Plant Cell J) Cell wall—provides protection and support for the cell K) Nucleus—control cell functions; houses chromosomes L) Cell membrane—controls what enters and leaves the cell M) Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus N) Chloroplast—captures sun energy and stores energy in glucose (food) O) Vacuole—storage site for water and other nutrients used by the cell 35. chloroplasts, cell wall and a large central vacuole 36. centrioles 37. It allows some things to cross but restricts other things 38. maintaining a stable internal environment 39. a. lipids: have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; water resistant barrier b. proteins: act as passageways for large and charged particles c. carbohydrates: act like chemical ID tags for other cells 40. The heads are hydrophilic and love water the tails are hydrophobic and hate water. The tails sandwich themselves in the middle so they are not in constant contact with water. 41. Fill in the chart below Type of Transport Description Diagram Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas Figure 7-14 Diffusion of lower concentration Pg. 184 Osmosis Movement of WATER from an area of high water concentration to Figure 1-15 low water concentration (from a low solute concentration to Pg 185 higher solute concentration in order to create equilibrium) Facilitated Diffusion Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas Figure 7-17 of lower concentration WITH THE HELP OF A CARRIER Pg 187 PROTEIN 42. a. water b. osmosis 43. a. active transport pumps salt out b. homeostasis 44. low, high (endocytosis, exocytosis, etc.) 45. high, low (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, etc) Chapters 8 and 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 46. 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 47. Chloroplast 48. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Chemical Energy (in the form of ATP) 49. Mitochondria 50. stored, usable 51. They both involve the use of the same elements and compounds (oxygen, sugar, water, and carbon dioxide) and they both result in the transformation of energy.The reactants of each are the products of the other. The energy source for photosynthesis is light energy and the energy source of respiration is chemical energy. 52. D. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration. 53. Absorb all wavelengths except for green. It reflects green light so you see green light. 54. Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose (C 6H12O6) is broken in half, producing two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) It uses 2 ATP molecules but 4 ATP molecules are created. Net gain: 2 ATP. The Krebs Cycle breaks down pyruvic acid from glycolysis into carbon dioxide (CO2) releasing energy as ATP, NADH, and FADH2; 2 ATP are produced. In the Electron Transport Chain, the energy from electrons that is stored in NADHand FADH 2 is transferred between electron carrier molecules and is used to make ATP; O2, NADH, and FADH2 are used and ATP, H2O, and 32 ATP are produced. 55. Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport chain; 56. Fermentation 57. Alcoholic; Lactic acid Differentiate glucose and ATP and know when the cell uses each. 58. ATP, glucose 59. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 60. A. Adenine (Nitrogenous Base) B. Ribose (5 carbon sugar) C. 3 inorganic phosphates 61. Energy is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate Chapter 10 and 11-4: Mitosis and Meiosis 62. a. Interphase - G1 (Cell growth), S (DNA Replication), G2 (Preparation for mitosis); b. Cell Division/M Phase – mitosis and cytokinesis 63. Nucleus; Cytoplasm 64. See book pages 246-247 1. Prophase- Chromatin condenses to produce chromosomes, centrioles separate, spindle Forms 2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, chromosomes connected to the spindle fiber at the centromere 3. Anaphase- Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and move apart 4. Telophase - Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and two nuclear envelopes form 65. Chromosome a. centromere b. sister chromatids 66. Chromosomes 67. Property Type of cells Mitosis Somatic Meiosis Gametes Number of daughter cells Diploid or haploid daughter cells? Genetically identical parent cells? 2 4 Diploid Haploid Identical Not identical 68. 38, 19 69. Gametes 70. binary fission 71. budding 72. sex cells (Sperm and egg) 73. A zygote is a diploid cell formed when the nucleus of an egg and the nucleus of a sperm fuse. 74. Fertilization is the process of an egg cell and sperm cell joining together to form a zygote. 75. Growth, tumor Chapter 12: DNA 76. Double helix 77. to carry genes from one generation to the next, to use genes to determine heritable characteristics, to replicate 78. 5 carbon sugar ( deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base 79. Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine 80. hydrogen 81. Refer to page 294 82. T, G 83. ACGATCTAAGCT 84. nucleus 85. Different proteins have different functions within the cell. 86. D. genes in DNA 87. separate 88. identical 89. template 90. deoxyribose, ribose 91. double, single 92. Uracil 93. nucleus, cytoplasm 94. Making a protein from the information in the DNA sequence of a gene. It is a two-step process: transcription and translation. 95. producing a messenger RNA molecule from a DNA template 96. mRNA 97. nucleus 98. producing a protein from a messenger RNA molecule 99. protein 100. ribosome 101. mRNA’s job is to carry the message from the DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, while tRNA’s job is to bring the correct amino acids to the protein being made 102. transcription 103. T, G, A (remember, we are talking about what on DNA pairs with what on RNA) 104. GCCATTAGT 105. 3 106. protein 107. a. UAU|GGC|GUG|CUA b. tyrosine-glycine-valine-leucine 108. nucleotide 109. they occur in gamete DNA (The DNA within the sperm or the egg. That’s the only DNA that your children will receive) 110. B 111. Frameshift 112. Gametes (sex cells) Chapters 11, 14: Genetics 113. 46, 23 114. X 115. Two different alleles (ex: Tt) 116. Two identical alleles (ex: homozygous dominant TT or homozygous recessive tt) 117. Genotype refers to which alleles are present (ex: Aa). Phenotype refers to the physical characteristic (ex: blue eyes) 118. c 119. A dominant allele masks a recessive allele in the phenotype. 120. A recessive allele gets masked by a dominant allele. 121. Bb 122. bb 123. Complete the punnett square 124. 2 Bb : 2 bb 125. 2 brown : 2 blue 126. a. 50% b. 50% 127. c 128. incomplete dominance 129. codominance 130. A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than 1 gene. Ex. Height in humans or skin color in humans. 131. A: IAIA and IAi; B: IBIB and IBi; AB: IAIB; O: ii 132. IAIA or IAi, IAIA 133. a. 50% b. 25% c. 25% d. 0% 134. b What percentage of the offspring will 135. GH, Gh, gH, gh; BF, Bf be round and yellow? ___56.25%__ 136. What percentage of the offspring will be round and green? ____18.75% 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy What percentage of the offspring will be wrinkled and green? __6.25%__ RRYY RRyy RrYy Rryy What percentage of the offspring will be wrinkled and yellow? __18.75%_ RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy female, male a. XHXh b. unaffected c. XrY, XrXr 5 5 D. all of the above 46 47, 45 XX, XY Put this in ratio form: _9:3:1:3_ 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. X Trisomy 10 female autosome 6 46, 23 C. An extra chromosome