Download Fall Final Review - Answer Key

Biology Fall Semester Exam Review
Chapter 1, Safety and the Scientific Method
1. Safety goggles, plastic gloves, no open flame, and the experiment should be conducted in a well
ventilated room
2. To avoid cross contamination.
3. Mass ------it is measured in grams
4. Volume -----it is measured in liters, bottom
5. --------6. 460.6 grams
7. 1.3 cm
8. 35 mL
9. Independent Variable – Is the variable that the scientist controls. It is independent of all other factors.
10. Dependent Variable – What the scientist is measuring. It is dependent on the independent variable.
11. Controlled variable
12. One
13. A control group is used for comparison. It shows the “norm” in an experiment.
14. A control group gives you something to compare your results to.
15. (a )Independent variable ---Gingko biloba
(b) Dependent variable ----mass of guppies
(c) Control group ---the group of guppies that only received their normal diet
16. age of the tree (in years)
17. radius
18. 3.5 cm
19. The age of the tree is directly related to the average of its radius
Chapter 2: Biochemistry
20. H = 2 C = 1 O = 3
21. Monomer
22. Fill in the following chart:
Elements
Macromolecule
Monomers
Function(s)
Example
Contained
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Energy source; structure
C, H, O
Sugars, starches
Lipids
Glycerol + fatty
Energy source, main
C, H, O
Fats, oils, waxes,
acids
component of cell
phospholipids
membrane
Protein
Amino acids
Enzymes, immunity,
C, H, O, N
Hemoglobin,
structure of bones and
enzymes
muscles
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Transmit and store
C, H, O, N, P
DNA, RNA
genetic information
23. Protein; Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid
24. Water is polar and it can dissolve other polar substances.
25. covalent
26. hydrogen
A
27. (See picture on right)
28. Activation energy
29. enzyme
Chapter 7: Cells
30. Ocular x Objective = total magnification
31. Diaphragm (under the stage)
32. Start with the scanning power objective. Use the coarse adjustment to find the image in the eyepiece.
Use the fine adjustment to fine tune the image. Increase the power of the objective lenses without
touching the coarse objective knob. You can fine tune using the fine adjustment knob each time the
objective power is increased.
33. nucleus; prokaryotes
34. prokaryotes; eukaryotes
Animal Cell
A) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.
(ribosomes are attached)
B) Cytoplasm—liquid matrix of the cell suspending all the organelles
C) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes lipids and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.
(ribosomes are not attached)
D) Nucleolus—makes ribosomes
E) Nucleus—control cell functions; chromosomes located here
F) Mitochondria—provides most energy used by the cell by breaking down food to create ATP
G) Golgi Apparatus-- receives proteins from the ER and sends them to specific parts of the cell
and body
H) Ribosome—makes proteins
I) Cell Membrane—controls what enters and leaves the cell
Plant Cell
J) Cell wall—provides protection and support for the cell
K) Nucleus—control cell functions; houses chromosomes
L) Cell membrane—controls what enters and leaves the cell
M) Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus
N) Chloroplast—captures sun energy and stores energy in glucose (food)
O) Vacuole—storage site for water and other nutrients used by the cell
35. chloroplasts, cell wall and a large central vacuole
36. centrioles
37. It allows some things to cross but restricts other things
38. maintaining a stable internal environment
39. a. lipids: have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; water resistant barrier
b. proteins: act as passageways for large and charged particles
c. carbohydrates: act like chemical ID tags for other cells
40. The heads are hydrophilic and love water the tails are hydrophobic and hate water. The tails sandwich
themselves in the middle so they are not in constant contact with water.
41. Fill in the chart below
Type of Transport
Description
Diagram
Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas
Figure 7-14
Diffusion
of lower concentration
Pg. 184
Osmosis
Movement of WATER from an area of high water concentration to Figure 1-15
low water concentration (from a low solute concentration to
Pg 185
higher solute concentration in order to create equilibrium)
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas
Figure 7-17
of lower concentration WITH THE HELP OF A CARRIER
Pg 187
PROTEIN
42. a. water
b. osmosis
43. a. active transport pumps salt out b. homeostasis
44. low, high (endocytosis, exocytosis, etc.)
45. high, low (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, etc)
Chapters 8 and 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
46. 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
47. Chloroplast
48. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + Chemical Energy (in the form of ATP)
49. Mitochondria
50. stored, usable
51. They both involve the use of the same elements and compounds (oxygen, sugar, water, and carbon
dioxide) and they both result in the transformation of energy.The reactants of each are the products of
the other. The energy source for photosynthesis is light energy and the energy source of respiration is
chemical energy.
52. D. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.
53. Absorb all wavelengths except for green. It reflects green light so you see green light.
54. Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose (C 6H12O6) is broken in half, producing two
3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) It uses 2 ATP molecules but 4 ATP molecules are
created. Net gain: 2 ATP. The Krebs Cycle breaks down pyruvic acid from glycolysis into carbon
dioxide (CO2) releasing energy as ATP, NADH, and FADH2; 2 ATP are produced. In the Electron
Transport Chain, the energy from electrons that is stored in NADHand FADH 2 is transferred between
electron carrier molecules and is used to make ATP; O2, NADH, and FADH2 are used and ATP, H2O,
and 32 ATP are produced.
55. Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport chain;
56. Fermentation
57. Alcoholic; Lactic acid
Differentiate glucose and ATP and know when the cell uses each.
58. ATP, glucose
59. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
60. A. Adenine (Nitrogenous Base) B. Ribose (5 carbon sugar) C. 3 inorganic phosphates
61. Energy is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate
Chapter 10 and 11-4: Mitosis and Meiosis
62. a. Interphase - G1 (Cell growth), S (DNA Replication), G2 (Preparation for mitosis); b. Cell Division/M
Phase – mitosis and cytokinesis
63. Nucleus; Cytoplasm
64. See book pages 246-247
1. Prophase- Chromatin condenses to produce chromosomes, centrioles separate, spindle
Forms 2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, chromosomes
connected to the spindle fiber at the centromere 3. Anaphase- Sister chromatids separate into
individual chromosomes and move apart 4. Telophase - Chromosomes gather at opposite ends
of the cell and two nuclear envelopes form
65. Chromosome a. centromere b. sister chromatids
66. Chromosomes
67.
Property
Type of cells
Mitosis
Somatic
Meiosis
Gametes
Number of daughter
cells
Diploid or haploid
daughter cells?
Genetically identical
parent cells?
2
4
Diploid
Haploid
Identical
Not identical
68. 38, 19
69. Gametes
70. binary fission
71. budding
72. sex cells (Sperm and egg)
73. A zygote is a diploid cell formed when the nucleus of an egg and the nucleus of a sperm fuse.
74. Fertilization is the process of an egg cell and sperm cell joining together to form a zygote.
75. Growth, tumor
Chapter 12: DNA
76. Double helix
77. to carry genes from one generation to the next, to use genes to determine heritable characteristics, to
replicate
78. 5 carbon sugar ( deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base
79. Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
80. hydrogen
81. Refer to page 294
82. T, G
83. ACGATCTAAGCT
84. nucleus
85. Different proteins have different functions within the cell.
86. D. genes in DNA
87. separate
88. identical
89. template
90. deoxyribose, ribose
91. double, single
92. Uracil
93. nucleus, cytoplasm
94. Making a protein from the information in the DNA sequence of a gene. It is a two-step process:
transcription and translation.
95. producing a messenger RNA molecule from a DNA template
96. mRNA
97. nucleus
98. producing a protein from a messenger RNA molecule
99. protein
100.
ribosome
101.
mRNA’s job is to carry the message from the DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosome in the
cytoplasm, while tRNA’s job is to bring the correct amino acids to the protein being made
102.
transcription
103.
T, G, A (remember, we are talking about what on DNA pairs with what on RNA)
104.
GCCATTAGT
105.
3
106.
protein
107.
a. UAU|GGC|GUG|CUA b. tyrosine-glycine-valine-leucine
108.
nucleotide
109.
they occur in gamete DNA (The DNA within the sperm or the egg. That’s the only DNA that your
children will receive)
110.
B
111.
Frameshift
112.
Gametes (sex cells)
Chapters 11, 14: Genetics
113.
46, 23
114.
X
115.
Two different alleles (ex: Tt)
116.
Two identical alleles (ex: homozygous dominant TT or homozygous recessive tt)
117.
Genotype refers to which alleles are present (ex: Aa). Phenotype refers to the physical
characteristic (ex: blue eyes)
118.
c
119.
A dominant allele masks a recessive allele in the phenotype.
120.
A recessive allele gets masked by a dominant allele.
121.
Bb
122.
bb
123.
Complete the punnett square
124.
2 Bb : 2 bb
125.
2 brown : 2 blue
126.
a. 50% b. 50%
127.
c
128.
incomplete dominance
129.
codominance
130.
A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than 1 gene. Ex. Height in humans or skin
color in humans.
131.
A: IAIA and IAi; B: IBIB and IBi; AB: IAIB; O: ii
132.
IAIA or IAi, IAIA
133.
a. 50% b. 25% c. 25% d. 0%
134.
b
What percentage of the offspring will
135.
GH, Gh, gH, gh; BF, Bf
be round and yellow? ___56.25%__
136.
What percentage of the offspring will
be round and green? ____18.75%
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
What percentage of the offspring will
be wrinkled and green? __6.25%__
RRYY
RRyy
RrYy
Rryy
What percentage of the offspring will
be wrinkled and yellow? __18.75%_
RrYY
RrYy
rrYY
rrYy
RrYy
Rryy
rrYy
rryy
female, male
a. XHXh b. unaffected c. XrY, XrXr
5
5
D. all of the above
46
47, 45
XX, XY
Put this in ratio form:
_9:3:1:3_
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
X
Trisomy 10
female
autosome
6
46, 23
C. An extra chromosome