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The Muscular System The Muscular System __________________ are responsible for all types of body __________________________ _____________ basic muscle types are found in the body __________________ muscle __________________ muscle __________________ muscle Characteristics of Muscles ________________ and ________________ muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) _________________ of muscles is due to the movement of _________________ All muscles share some terminology Prefixes _________ and ________ refer to “muscle” Prefix __________ refers to “_____________” Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Most are attached by _______________ to _____________ Cells are __________________ ______________—have visible banding ______________—subject to conscious control Skeletal Muscle Attachments Sites of muscle attachment _______________ ___________________ ___________________ tissue coverings Smooth Muscle Characteristics Lacks _________________ _______________-shaped cells ____________ nucleus _________________—no conscious control Found mainly in the _______ of ___________ _____________ Cardiac Muscle Characteristics ________________ Usually has a _______________ nucleus _________________ cells Joined to another muscle cell at an __________________ disc ____________________ Found _______ in the ______________ Skeletal Muscle Functions Produce _____________________ Maintain ______________ Stabilize _____________ Generate __________ Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle __________________—specialized plasma membrane _____________—long ______________ inside muscle cell ___________________ _________________—specialized _________ endoplasmic reticulum ________________ are aligned to give ______________ ____________ _ _____ = __________ band Contains only _______ filaments __ ____ = ________ band Contains the _________ ____________ of the _________ filaments ________________—contractile unit of a muscle ________ (cell) Organization of the ______________ _____________________ _________ filaments = ___________ filaments _______ filaments = __________ filaments _____________ filaments = __________ filaments Composed of the ____________ myosin Has _______ase enzymes ______________ filaments have __________ (extensions, or cross bridges) Myosin and __________ overlap somewhat _________ filaments = _________ filaments Composed of the protein _______ ____________ to the __ disc At rest, there is a ________ zone that lacks _______ filaments called the __ zone Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Stores and releases ____________ Surrounds the ____________ Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells ________________ (also called responsiveness or irritability)—ability to receive and respond to a stimulus ________________—ability to __________ when an adequate stimulus is received ________________—ability of muscle cells to be _______________ ________________—ability to ______________ and ______________ resting length after stretching The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential __________ muscles must be stimulated by a ____________ neuron (nerve cell) to ____________ _______ unit—one motor __________ and all the skeletal muscle cells ___________by that neuron ________________________ junction Association site of __________ terminal of the motor neuron and _________ _____________ cleft ________ between _________ and __________ ____________ and muscle do ______ make contact Area between __________ and _____________ is filled with _________________ fluid Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle ____________________—chemical released by __________ upon arrival of nerve _____________ The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is _________________________ (ACh) __________________ attaches to ________________ on the ____________________ Sarcolemma becomes ______________________ to _______________ (Na+) ___________________ rushes into the cell generating an ______________ _________________l Once ____________, muscle contraction ________________ be ___________________ Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction ___________________ by nerve causes ____________ __________ (cross bridges) to attach to ___________ sites on the ____________ filament Myosin heads then bind to the ___________ site of the _______ filament and pull them ______________ the ______________ of the ____________________ This continued action causes a _____________ of the _____________ along the ________ The result is that the muscle is ________________ (contracted) Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Muscle fiber ________________ is “_____ or ________” Within a ___________ muscle, not ______ fibers may be stimulated during the same ___________ Different ________________ of muscle fiber contractions may give ____________ responses ___________ responses—different ______________ of skeletal muscle ________________ Graded responses can be produced by _______________ The _______________of muscle stimulation The ______________ of muscle cells being stimulated at one time Energy for Muscle Contraction Initially, muscles use stored _______ for ____________ ATP ________ are ____________ to release ___________ Only __–__ seconds worth of ______ is stored by ___________ After this ________ time, other _________________ must be utilized to produce _______ Direct ____________________ of ADP by ______________ ____________________ (CP) Muscle cells store _____ CP is a _________-___________ molecule _____________ ATP is ______________, ADP is _______ _____ transfers ______________ to _______, to regenerate _______ CP _______________ are _______________ in less than _____ seconds ________________ _________________________ ___________ is __________ down to _____________ dioxide and __________, releasing energy (ATP) This is a ____________ reaction that ______________ continuous ____________ A series of metabolic pathways occur in the ___________________ ______________ glycolysis and lactic acid formation Reaction that breaks down _______________ without ____________ _______________ is broken down to ______________ _______ to produce some ______ Pyruvic acid is ____________________ to lactic acid This __________________ is not as ______________, but is _______ Huge ______________ of ______________ are needed _________ acid produces __________ fatigue Energy for Muscle Contraction Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit When a muscle is __________________, it is unable to ________________ even with a stimulus Common cause for muscle ______________ is oxygen _______ ______________ must be “_____________” to tissue to remove ______________ deficit _________________ is required to get rid of __________________ lactic acid Increasing ____________ (from lactic acid) and lack of ________ causes the muscle to _______________ less Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity Muscles and Body Movements Movement is ______________ due to a muscle moving an __________________ bone Muscles are ________________ to at least _____ points ____________ Attachment to a _______________ bone ________________ Attachment to an _______________ bone Types of Ordinary Body Movements ________________ Decreases the __________ of the joint Brings two bones ___________ together Typical of ________ joints like _____________ and ____________ _________________ ______________ of _______________ Increases _______ between two bones _________________ Movement of a bone around its ___________________axis Common in ______-and-____________ joints Example is when you move _______ around the ______ of ___________ (shake your head “no”) _________________ Movement of a limb ___________ from the midline _________________ Opposite of ________________ Movement of a limb toward the _________________ Types of Ordinary Body Movements _________________________ Combination of ______________, _____________, ______________, and _______________ Common in ________-and-_____________ joints Special Movements ____________________________________ Lifting the foot so that the ______________ surface approaches the _________ ____________________________________ _______________ the foot (pointing the toes) ____________________________________ Turn sole of foot ______________ ____________________________________ Turn sole of foot ______________ ____________________________________ Forearm _______________ laterally so palm faces ________________ ____________________________________ Forearm rotates _______________ so palm faces ________________ ____________________________________ Move _________ to touch the tips of other fingers on the ___________ hand