Download Human Biology 303 Exam # 1 - Human Physiology and Diagnosis.

Human Biology 303 Exam # 1 .
Part A Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) A polysaccharide that serves as structural molecule in plants is ________.
2) A molecule with hydrophobic properties and polar molecular attributes would be called ________.
3) A protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy in the reaction is called
________.
4) A metabolic process in which a water molecule is removed from the functional groups of adjoining
monomers is called ________. This process usually forms covalent bonds between adjacent monomers to
form polymers.
5) A ________ is an inorganic molecule that aids in forming the enzyme-substrate complex in metabolic
reactions.
6) ________ is the alteration of natural precipitation by lowering the pH below 5.6 and is caused by
burning fossil fuels in automobiles, factories, and industrial manufacturing plants.
7) ________ refers to a structure of a protein in which two or more polypeptide chains bind together to
form a functional protein.
8) Lipid soluble molecules that regulate metabolic processes in biological systems are called ________.
9) An ________ is a charged element or molecule formed from an oxidation reduction reaction.
10) A substance which when disassociated in water will give off hydrogen ions is referred to as an
________.
11) ________ is an element that spontaneously gives off subatomic particles and energy.
12) The ________ can be used to measure whether a substance is an acid or a base.
13) A ________ is an organic compound that forms muscle, bone, hair, and other structural components.
14) Organic compounds that serve as energy molecules in biological systems are called ________.
15) ________ is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions or when disassociated in water will give off
hydroxyl ions.
Part B Short Answer and Essay Questions
1) Explain some of the modern uses for radioisotopes in society today.
2) Explain how the three chemical bonds are used to stabilize organic compounds in living organisms.
3) Explain how proteins and nucleic acids are related.
4) Radioactive iodine (131I) is commonly used in medical situations for the diagnosis and treatment of
thyroid conditions. The most common isotope of iodine that is not radioactive is 127I. Chemically, what is
different between 127I and 131I? What is the same between them?
5) Athletes are often told to eat starch before a strenuous athletic event. What monomer can be released
from starch after hydrolysis and what is it used for? Since cellulose (fiber) is made of the same type of
monomer as starch, why don't athletes get told to eat lots of fiber before an event?
6) Within your body, there are two major categories of hormones. One category is the steroid hormones
and the other category is referred to as non-steroid (or peptide) hormones which are composed of proteins
or amino acids. Estrogen and testosterone are examples of steroid hormones while insulin is an example of
a non-steroid hormone. A researcher heats estrogen, testosterone and insulin to a very high temperature.
After heating the hormones, the researcher tests to see if they still work properly. She finds that estrogen
and testosterone still function but insulin does not. Based on the chemical nature of these molecules,
explain why insulin no longer functions.
7) Answer the following based on the information provided on these nutritional labels:
Product A
Product B
Total fat
20 g
18 g
Saturated fat
5g
9g
Monounsaturated fat
9g
7g
Polyunsaturated fat
6g
2g
Which product would you be more likely to choose if you were concerned about your health and why?
Give at least two reasons.
8) When new food products are being analyzed for nutritional content, the food will be subjected to
hydrolysis in the lab. The end products are analyzed to determine things like fat and sugar content.
Suppose a lab is analyzing a new product that claims to be fat-free. After the hydrolysis of the product is
complete, they find: glucose, glycerol, hydrocarbons, and amino acids. Is this product free of fat? Justify
your answer.
Part C Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) ________ is a cell's fluid consisting mostly of H2O, dissolved ions, small molecules and enzymes.
2) The ________ is a membranous organelle which assists in the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
molecules during the process of cellular respiration.
3) ________ is the movement of solutes from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration
until equilibrium is obtained.
4) The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from areas of high
concentration to areas of lower concentration without the use of ATP is ________.
5) ________ involves the ingestion of large molecules and foreign substances through the phospholipid
membrane.
6) ________ are membrane proteins that aid in adjoining cells sticking to each other.
7) ________ is the process by which large molecules and cell products leave the cell via the phospholipid
membrane.
8) A form of genetic material in the cell made of condensed thread like structures consisting of DNA and
associated proteins are called ________.
9) ________ are openings in the nucleus that allow communication to occur between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm.
10) Cellular structures that function in movement and consist of numerous short hair-like extensions from
the cell are called ________.
11) ________ is a metabolic process which creates ATP for the cell by the breakdown of glucose
molecules in the cytoplasm.
Short Answer and Essay Questions
1) Briefly explain the role of the cytoskeleton components in a eukaryotic cell.
2) Compare and contrast isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. What happens when a normal
animal cell finds itself in any of the three kinds of solutions?
3) Compare and contrast passive and active transport mechanisms and give an example of each.
4) Briefly explain the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. How do these processes
differ in terms of energy output for the cell?
5) If a new anesthetic were developed which entered the nerve cells efficiently, why do you think it would
be important that the substance be lipophilic?
6) If you were a medical examiner, how could you determine that the deceased person was an alcohol
drinker by looking at the liver cells?
7) Maria, a volunteer fire fighter in New Jersey, rushed along with the rest of her fire company to lower
Manhattan on that awful morning of Sept. 11, 2001. While they crossed over the Hudson into the city, they
heard that the towers had collapsed so they helped search through the rubble and dust from the buildings to
find survivors. Maria has now developed serious health problems based on her exposure to the rubble and
dust. Which organ system do you think is most likely failing in this brave woman’s body?
8) White blood cells can creep through the linings of the blood vessels to attack bacteria in the surrounding
tissues. What special structures do they form to help them move?
9) The seed within apricot pits contain a class of chemicals called cyanogens, molecules that when digested
will release cyanide. If a person would try to eat these seeds, what might happen?