Download Reading Study Guide 1 - philipdarrenjones.com

Reading Study Guide
Biology 100
I. Chapter 9: Introduction to Genetics, Mitosis and Cytokinesis
A. Terms
1. Mitosis
10. Cell Cycle
19. Mitotic Spindle
2. Microtubules
11. Interphase
20. Metaphase Plate
3. Genome
12. Prophase
21. Cell Plate
4. Chromatin
13. Metaphase
22. Binary Fission
5. Chromosome
14. Anaphase
6. Sister chromatids 15. Telophase
7. Centromere
16. Karyotype
8. DNA Replication 17. Mitotic Phase
9. Homologous Chromossomes
B. Figures: 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.12, 9.13
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. What is DNA and how is it important to cells?
2. Arrange the following terms to reflect the typical flow of biological
information: Protein, DNA, and RNA.
3. Review the figures on p. 165. Describe the structure of a replicated
chromosome. Your response should include the
following terms: DNA, proteins, DNA replication, chromosome, sister chromatid,
and centromere.
4. Explain the meaning of the term “cell cycle”. Your response should include
the following terms: G2, G1, mitosis,
interphase, S, prophase, metaphase, cytokinesis, anaphase, and telophase.
5. What is the longest portion of the cell cycle? What are the three phases that
occur during this portion?
6. Referring to figure 9.10, explain and diagram the events of mitosis. You may
want to use different colored pens/pencils
to help you distinguish between the homologous chromosomes and sister
chromatids.
7. Briefly explain the processes of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. Your
response should include the following
terms: cell plate, cleavage, cleavage furrow, cell wall, and plasma membrane.
8. Briefly explain how the DNA condenses prior to mitosis.
9. Distinguish between the terms chromatin and chromosome.
10. Do the review questions on pages 174-175.
,
Reading Guide 10
Biology 100
I. Chapter 10
A. Terms:
1. Meiosis
11.
2. Reproduction
12.
3. Germ cells
13.
4. Gametes
14.
5. haploid
15.
6. diploid
16.
7. homologous chromosomes17.
8. crossing over
18.
9. tetrad
19.
10. synapse
20.
Independent assortment
Maternal chromosome
Paternal chromosome
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
21. Primary spermatocyte
22.Secondary spermatocyte
23. spermatid
24. Oogensis
25. Oogonium
26. Primary oocyte
27. Secondary oocyte
28. ovum
29. Polar bodies
30. fertilization
31. zygote
B. Figures: 10.1, 10.2, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions:
1. What is meiosis?
2. Are daughter cells of meiosis diploid or haploid?
3. How many daughter cells are formed from meiosis?
4. What cells are capable of undergoing meiosis?
5. What special event occurs in Prophase I?
6. What special event occurs in Metaphase I?
7. What do the events in #’s 5 and 6 above provide?
8. How many rounds of DNA replication occur involving meiosis?
9. How many rounds of cell division occur in Meiosis?
10. Which parent determines the gender of offspring? Why?
11. How many sperm are created in spermatogenesis?
12. How many eggs are created in oogenesis?
13. What is sexual reproduction?
14. What is asexual reproduction?
Do the review questions on pages 190-191.
Reading Study Guide 11
Biology 100
I. Chapter 11: Mendelian Genetics: Observable Patterns of Inheritance
A. Terms
1. Genes
12. P
23. Probability
2. Locus
13. F1
24. Continuous variation
3. Alleles
14. F2
25. True breeding
4. Homozygous
15. Monohybrid crosses
5. Heterozygous
16. Punnett-square method
6. Dominant
17. Test cross
7. Recessive
18. Theory of segregation
8. Homozygous dominant
19. Dihybrid crosses
9. Homozygous recessive 20. Theory of independent assortment
10. Genotype
21. Incomplete dominance
11. Phenotype
22. Codominance
B. Figures: 11.3, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11
C. Tables: 11.1
D. Study Questions
1. How does the term “locus” relate to the terms “gene” and “chromosome”?
2. Alleles are different molecular forms of the same gene. a. True b. False
3. What minimum number of copies of each gene would you expect to find in your
DNA? Explain the rationale for your
response.
4. Assume that you crossbreed pea plants that always produce yellow seeds with
pea plants that always produce green seeds.
All of the progeny plants of this cross produce yellow seeds.
a. What are the phenotypes of the parental seeds?
b. Which seed color is dominant?
c. Which seed color is recessive?
d. What are the phenotypes of the two alleles?
e. Designate the yellow allele as “Y” and the green allele as “y”. What is the
significance of the use of capital and lowercases
to designate these alleles? On the basis of what information did I make these
designations (i.e. Why didn’t I
designate the green allele as “Y” and the yellow allele as “y”)?
f. Give the seed color genotypes for each of the parental plants.
g. Give the seed color genotype for the progeny plants.
5. Define the term “monohybrid cross” and give a specific example of a
monohybrid cross that Mendel conducted with his
pea plants.
6. Review fig. 11.5 and be able to explain (based on your knowledge of genetics
and meiosis) how heterozygous offspring
are produced.
7. Assume that two heterozygous progeny (resulting from the cross you just
examined in #6) are mated. Reproduce a figure
similar to the one shown in fig. 11.5 for this cross. What different progeny
genotypes would result from this cross and what
would be their relative ratios (e.g. 1:1, 1:2, 3:1, etc.)? What different
progeny phenotypes would result from this cross and
what would be their relative ratios?
8. Use the punnett-square method to show the progeny genotypes that would result
from the crosses in #6 and in #7. Also
give the probability of obtaining each of the progeny genotypes.
9. You have two populations of peas. The first is “true-breeding” for purple
flower color and the second is true-breeding for
white flower color. You cross parental plants from each of these populations
(i.e. purple x white) and the resulting progeny
plants all have purple flowers.
a. Give the flower-color genotypes for both the white and purple flowers. Which
allele is dominant? Recessive?
b. Use the punnett-square method to show the probable outcomes (i.e. ratios) of
this parental genetic cross. What is/are
the probable outcome(s) for the progeny (F1) genotypes? Phenotypes?
c. Use the punnett-square method to show a cross between two F1 progeny to
produce the F2 progeny. What is/are the
probable outcome(s) for the progeny (F2) genotypes? Phenotypes?
10. State Mendel’s theory of segregation and then explain it in your own words.
Pick any example from the reading study
guide or the reading and use it as part of your explanation.
11. What is a “test cross” and why is it useful for genetic analysis?
12. What is a dihybrid cross
13. Review fig. 11.5 and be able to explain (based on your knowledge of genetics
and meiosis) how the ratios of different gametes (e.g. 1/4 AB) are produced.
14. Assume that you cross a purple-flowered tall parental pea plant (homozygous
dominant; PPTT) with a white-flowered
dwarf parental pea plant (homozygous recessive; pptt). Using the punnett-square
method, show the possible outcomes
(genotypic and phenotypic) for the F1 generation.
15. Assume you perform a dihybrid cross of the F1 progeny from the cross in #14.
Use the punnett-square method to show
the possible outcomes (genotypic and phenotypic) for the F2 generation.
16. State Mendel’s theory of independent assortment and then explain it in your
own words. Use your responses to previous
questions as part of your explanation.
17. What is meant by the term “incomplete dominance”? What genotype (homozygous
or heterozygous) would most likely
be affected by a particular trait showing incomplete dominance? How could
incomplete dominance affect the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios for the progeny of a monohybrid cross?
18. What is meant by the term “codominance”. Include a discussion of the
genetics of the ABO blood types as part of your
discussion.
19. A man is blood type “A” and a woman is blood type “B”.
a. List the possible genotypes for both the man and the woman.
b. Using the punnett-square method, show the possible genotypes and phenotypes
for any children of this couple.
c. If this couple had one child, what would be the most likely progeny blood
type genotype? Blood type phenotype?
20. Explain the concept of continuous variation using human height as an
example.
21. Do the chapter review on pgs. 211-213
Reading Study Guide 12
Biology 100
I. Chapter 12: Chromosomes and Inheritance
A. Terms
1. Sex Chromosome
11. Duplication
2. X Chromosome
12. Inversion
3. Y Chromosome
13. Translocation
4. Autosome
14. Deletion
5. Karyotype
15. Aneuploidy
6. Linkage Group
16. Polyploidy
7. Pedigree
17. Nondisjunction
8. Genetic Abnormality
18. Crossing Over
9. Genetic Disorder
19. Homologous Chromosomes
10. Syndrome
B. Figures: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 12.10, 12.11
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. How do autosomes differ from sex chromosomes?
2. Which combination of sex chromosomes codes for a male? Female?
3. How does a Y chromosome compare in structure to an X chromosome?
4. What are the general procedures for making a karyotype?
5. How is sex determined in offspring? Which parent contributes which
chromosomes?
6. What is meant when we say that genes are “linked”?
7. Be able to show how crossing over can cause linked genes to become unlinked,
resulting in different genetic
combinations in gametes.
8. What are the basic symbols used in constructing a pedigree and how are they
connected to show relationships between
and among generations?
9. How are pedigree symbols written to show the presence or absence of traits?
10. What are the differences between a genetic abnormality, a genetic disorder
and a syndrome?
11. Distinguish between the 5 basic types of genetic disorders and abnormalities
as shown in Table 11.1 on page 179. Don’t
memorize this table but do know by what processes the 5 conditions can come
about.
12. If given the genotype of parents, be able to calculate the possible outcomes
of offspring using a Punnett square for
autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant inheritance, and x-linked
recessive inheritance.
13. Show the resulting gene sequences of chromosomes that have undergone
duplications, inversions, translocations and
deletions.
14. How does nondisjunction in meiosis result in gametes with missing or extra
chromosomes?
15. How does nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes result in Turner syndrome,
Klinefelter syndrome, XYY condition?