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1 BIOLOGY EXCEL HIGH YIELD FACTS AND HINTS Symbiotic nitrogen fixers Bacteria Root nodules of leguminous plants Root nodules of non-leguminous plants – Casurina and Alder. Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers 1. Blue green algae Nostoc, Gloeocapsa. 2. Yeast Rhodotorula 3. Bacteria Aerobacter aerogence, Bacillus, Klebsiella. 4. Areobic bacteria Acetobactor. 5. Anaerobic bacteria Non photosynthetic Clostridium Photosynthetic Rhodospirillum. ARBIDOPSIS The model organism for plant study. It has the advantages of small size, small genome, small life cycle etc. AQUAPORINS Proteins that permits water to cross plasma membrane. STRAGLERS Plants start life as epiphytes but send roots. Eg. Ficus. LOMASOMES Structures similar to Mesosomes. These are found in Fungi and higher plants. Lomasomes are formed by the infolding of plasma membrane. CRYPTOCHROME Light receptor in Cryptogams or non flowering plants. Absorbs blue light and long wavelength UV rays. SAFFRON Obtained from the style and stigma of Crocus plant. GREAT BANYAN TREE Grows in EBG Sibpur. Anastral mitosis is found in Higher plants. Aquatic plant in which petiole helps in floating is Eichornia. Basal placentation is found in the family Compositae. The simple mechanical tissue devoid of Lignin is Collenchyma. Genetic material of Cyanophage is DNA. Mycoplasma differs from virus because it has both DNA and RNA. Nostoc occurs as Endophyte in Cycas, Azolloa, Anthoceros etc. Spirogyra is called “ Pond Scum “. ORGANIC FUNGICIDES Agrosan GN, Ceresan, Thiram, Ziram. Agrosan and Ceresan are Organo mercuric compounds remains as Dithio carbamates. Great Irish Potato famine occurred in 1945 due to the fungus Phytophthora. 2 Bengal famine occurred in 1942 due to Leaf spot disease of Rice infected by Helminthosporium oryzae. Alga showing best origin and evolution of sex is the Red alga. Rauwolfia serpentina belongs to the family Apocynaceae. Movement of pollen tube is Thigmotactic. Spring wood is the secondary xylem with tracheids and vessels with wide lumen. Tyloses are balloon like ingrowths in tracheids and vessels of heart wood from parenchyma. INTERESTING PLANTS 1. Wolffia Smallest angiosperm. 2. Zostera Marine angiosperm. 3. Butter wort Pingnicula. It is insectivorous plant. 4. Water flea trap Aldrovanda. It is insectivorous plant. 5. Monophyllea A plant with single leaf. 6. Tallest grass Bamboo. 7. Raphia viniflora Plant with longest leaf. 8. Cyanodon Evergreen grass. Also called Doob grass. 9. Amorphophalus Largest Indian Inflorescence. 10. SACS S-allyl cystine sulphoxide. Anti diabetic material found in Garlic. RIFAMPICIN The antibiotic used in Tuberculosis. It is the product of soil Steptomyces. Rifampicin inhibit the RNA polymerase ( beta unit ) preventing the transcription in bacteria. Mycobacterium causing TB is only sensitive to Rifampicin. SIGMA FACTOR It is the 5th protein unit present in the RNA polymerase of prokaryotes that initiate transcription by binding the promoter site. ALPHA AMANITIN The toxin produced by the Mushroom Amanita. It inhibits RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes and inhibits mRNA synthesis. Amanita poisoning causes liver failure, so that new enzymes cannot be synthesized after the degradation of enzymes by the liver. ENHANCERS These are gene specific sequences that positively affect transcription. RIBOZYMES These are RNAs acting as enzymes. Ribonuclease P or Rnase P is a true catalyst. It contains both RNA and Protein components. After the discovery of Ribozymes in 1980s, Evolution is considered as the “ RNA World “. According to this concept RNA not DNA was the first nucleic acid formed and RNA initiated the formation of DNA 3 THALASSEMIA It is caused by the inability of alpha and beta chains of haemoglobin to associate during the formation of hemoglobin. Thalassemia appears not in foetus because there is no beta chain in foetal hemoglobin. CHROMOSOME WALKING Technique to define gene arrangement in long stretches of DNA. The sequences are FINGER PRINTING verified one by one just like walking over the road. PAW PRINTING Technique used to fingerprint animal DNA other than human DNA. FOOT PRINTING Technique used in DNA sequencing in which the histone binding sites of DNA that donot accept DNAase are identified. It is used to identify protein binding sites of DNA. ANTI-SENSE RNA Non coding mRNA which do not translate protein used in genetic engineering. It is produced by reversing the coding sequences of DNA. This technique was used to produce genetically engineered Tomato. One of the gene sequence coding the fruit ripening in tomato was introduced in the transgenic tomato in the reverse order. So that one gene produced the fruit ripening protein normally and the reversed gene failed to produce the protein because it transcribed an anti-sense mRNA. This delayed fruit ripening. Ripe grape contains about 20% glucose. Fructose is called as Grape sugar and it is the most sweetest sugar. Sweetness of sugars Sucrose – 100 Glucose – 74 Fructose – 173 Galactose – 32 Maltose – 32 Lactose – 16 Glycogen is called as Animal Starch and its structure is similar to that of Amylopectin. Cellulose on nitration gives the Gun powder ( Cellulose nitrate ) which is used in explosives. Cellulose acetate is used in Photographic film and in Varnish. Rayons, Cellophane, Celluloid are made from Cellulose. Pectin is a polysaccharide found in the Fruit skin which is used to make jelly. Alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from Seaweeds. Gum and Alginate are used as Stabilizers and Emulsifiers. Richest source of PUFA is Vegetable oil. Coconut oil contains minimum fatty acid content. Sunflower oil is rich in Linoleic acid. Mustard oil is the most Unsaturated one. Prostaglandins are synthesized from Essential fatty acids 4 Cholesterol It is called as Animal Steroid. It is insoluble in water and forms bile salts. It is synthesized from Acetyl CoA or Acetate in Liver. Cholesterol is not a dietary essential substance. It is not found in plants. Cholesterol is minimum in vegetable oils. Tay Sach disease is due to excess Gangliosides. Arteriosclerosis is caused due to excess Cholesterol level. LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein. IDLs - Intermediate Density Lipoproteins. VLDLs – Very low Density Lipoproteins. HDLs - High Density Lipoproteins. Prominent in Blood. Tangier Disease - Disease caused by the deficiency of Alpha Lipoprotein. Apolipoprotein - Protein component of Lipoprotein. Essential Amino acids Non essential Amino acids Valine Alanine Leucine Serine Isoleucine Proline Phenylalanine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Aspartic acid Methionine Tyrosine Lysine Cysteine Threonine Asparginine Histidine Glutamic acid Arginine Glycine Magic 20 Amino acids are called as Magic 20. INSULIN Insulin is secreted by the Beta cells of Islets. It is the Hypoglycemic hormone reducing The high blood glucose level. In 1953, Frederic Sanger identified the amino acid Sequence of insulin. Insulin is a small protein containing 51 amino acids. 21 amino acids In the Alpha chain and 30 amino acids in the Beta chain. The two chains are linked by Disulphide ( S – S ) bonds. It is used in the treatment of Diabetics. Pig ( Porcine ) or Cow ( Bovine ) insulin are used for treatment. Genetically engineered Humulin is used nowadays. Modified Pig insulin is also used. The animal insulin may produce allergic responses in some persons. Banting and Best discovered Insulin. Agrobacterium tumefaciens It has the ability to transfer and stably integrate foreign DNA into plant genome. Nif genes are tied to T1 plasmid and is allowed to integrate into genome of non-leguminous plants. Azospirillum lipoferum Nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the roots of Brazilian grasses and Maize. Scientists are trying to associate Azospirillum with cereals to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. 5 Penicillin Antibiotic obtained from Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum. Penicillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It prevents wall formation in bacteria and kill them. Aspergillus niger It is used in commercial preparation of citric acid from sugarbeet and sugarcane molasses. It can convert 40% of sucrose to citric acid. Embryo rescue technique Technique used to prevent the death of hybrid embryos. The technique involves excision and growth of hybrid embryo in a culture on a nutrient medium. It helps to produce hybrids that are disease resistant. Autoradiography It is the method used to localize radioactive atoms in microscopic preparations of biological materials by exposing a photographic film emulsion to radioactive atoms incorporated in the biological specimen. BAC Bacterial Artificial Chromosome. It consists of F plasmid of bacteria and can be used for transferring eukaryotic genes. Bacillus thuringienesis It is the soil bacterium produces a crystal protein called Cry protein in its spores which is toxic to larvae of certain insects. The gene encoding Cry protein is called cry gene and has been isolated and efforts are being made by scientists to transfer this gene into Chick pea and other pulses to ptotect them from severe damaged caused by insect pests. Biopatency Patency is a right given officially to an inventor to make or sell his/her invention and to prevent others from copying it. Countries like USA, Japan and European union award biopatency for strains of microorganisms, cell lines, genetically modified plants and animals, DNA sequences, biotechnology products, procedures etc. Biopiracy It is the unauthorized use of patent resources by organizations and multinational companies of other nations. For example, the patent claimed by USA for the Basmati rice whose germplasm originally belong to India. The protein Brazzein from West African plant Pentadipiandra brazeana which is a low calorie sweetner has been patented in the USA. Biowar This involves the use of biological weapons against humans, crops and animals. Biological warfare involves bioweapon agents or toxins which attack humans, crops and animals and its use in war has been dated back to 5th century B.C. Bioweapon agents are contained in the containers and delivered as powders, sprays etc. Some of the potent pathogens used in biowarfare are Anthrax, Small pox, Botulinum pathogens. Bioethics It involves the set of standards that are used to regulate and monitor our activities in relation to biological world. Biotechnology has greatly exploited the biological world 6 and there are several bioethical concerns which include over use, disrespect given to plants and animals and also the risk involved in the experiments. Gene bank Gene bank or Gene library is the collection of cloned genes, frequently comprising cells of the gene from a particular species. Such libraries may consists of genomic sequences or DNA sequences, the latter having being made from messenger RNA and intron sequences. Transgenic organisms Organisms that has become transformed following the introduction of new DNA into its genome is called transgenic organism. Transgenic crop plants contain a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence is called Transgene may come from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species. For example, Bt Corn with gene from Bacillus thuringienesis, resistant to over ripening of Tomato. Transgenic animals have novel genes obtained from outside. For example, Plasminogen activator in milk ( Goat ). Transgenic microbes are being used in industry for producing different bio chemicals and various functions. For example, Pseudomonas putida has been changed by introducing Plasmids of different strains for Alcoholic fermentation. Bt Cotton, a transgenic crop variety, have been introduced in India. The Bt cotton variety contains a foreign gene obtained from Bacillus thuringienesis. This bacterial gene, introduced genetically into the cotton seeds protect the plant from Bollworm, a major pest of cotton. Bt cotton requires only 2 sprays of pesticide while the normal variety requires 8 sprays. According to Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ), India uses about half of its pesticides on cotton to fight against Bollworm menacle. Use of Bt cotton has led to a 3% - 27% increase in cotton yield in countries where it is grown Transgenic vegetables First transgenic plant Flavr Savr- delayed ripening tomato – introduced by Calgene Inc. USA in 1994. Cherry, Endless summer ( tomato ) – contains Bt protein gene against fruit borer. Freedom II Squash resistant to water melon mosaic virus New leaf ( Potato ) resistant to Colorado beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata ) AmAl Amaranth Parthenocarpy fruits Seed less fruits Golden rice With high Vit. A content Biological magnification It is the process where by certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, toxins build up a successive link of the food chain. It works their way into river or lakes and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. The substance become concentrated in the chain. It is like a magnifying glass that makes things look bigger. Biological magnification makes toxin get bigger and stronger in the ecosystem. 7 Eg. 1 Some pesticides are considered as Environmental Oestrogens. These chemicals interfere with sex hormones and causes decreases sperm counting, breast cancer, testicular cancer, mis carriage etc. Methoxyclor, Atrazine, Benomyl are examples. Eg. 2 Beetals may have very low level of fat soluble pesticides, but the pesticides will build much greater levels till in a human that eats the beetal eating bird. Eg. 3 DDT in food chain of coastal water of long island. Genetic map or Linkage map These are maps based on the recombination frequency. It includes determination of linkage groups and determination of map distance. A linkage group does not show the physical distance between genes but rather their relative positions as determined by how gene loci are inherited together. The closer two genes are, the more often they will be inherited together. Linkage distance is measured in Centimorgan unit ( cM) Chromosome map These are used to identify the location of genes using special cytological techniques such as Chromosome Banding. Bio-informatics This is a new computer aided technology to store, retrieve, analyze or predict the composition or structure of bio-molecules. Classical bio-informatics mainly deal with the sequence analysis of DNA or Protein. The Human Genome Project is currently being completed with the help of Bio-informatics. New Bio-informatics include Medical imaging or Image analysis, biologically inspired computation like Genetic Algorithms. Pesticides Organochlorides DDT, BHC, Aldrin, Endosulphan – These are lipophilic compounds accumulate in fat depots like liver. Organophosphates Malathion, Parathion, Feritrothion- These affect nervous system. Carbamates Carbaryl, Carbofuran - Inhibit Acetylcholine esterase. Highly toxic pesticides DDT, BHC, Carbofuran, Aldrin Well known pesticide Parathion Insecticide for Malaria control Malathion Furudan It is Carbofuron Baygon It is Propoxus Herbicides destroy the weeds by affecting the Photosystem II. Biopesticides These are biological agents used to control pests. Devine and Colego first used Fungal spores in weed control. Pyrethrum is obtained from Chysanthemum cineranifolium is a natural plant insecticide. It is used to make Mosquito coils. Neem contains an Anti-feedant called Azadiraclitin. Sugar cane breeding institute is located in Coimbatore 8 Orthodox seeds These are seeds withstand low moisture and low temperature. Egs. Cereals, Legumes. Recalcitrant seeds These are seeds killed by drying and freezing. Egs. Jack fruit, Tea, Cocoa, Rubber, Palm. Domestication of Animals Indian cows are cross bred with European breeds like Holstein, Brown swiss, Jersey, Red / Dane. Karan swiss and Sunandini are breeds developed through cross breeding at National Dairy Research Institute Karnal and Kerala. Zebu cattles are resistant to Rinderpest or Cattle plague, Foot and Mouth diseases. Exotic breeds of sheep are Dorset, Horn and Merino. Breeds of Indian cattle Miltch breed Gir ( Rajastan ), Sahiwal ( Punjab, Haryana, U.P ), Red sindhi ( A.P ) Draught breeds Malvi ( Rajastan, M.P ), Nageri ( Delhi, Haryana, U.P ), Hallikar ( Karnataka ) General breeds Ongole ( A.P ), Kankref ( Gujarat ), Tharparkar ( A.P, Gujarat ) Sheep Nellore ( Maharashtra ) Poultry exotic breeds White leghorn, Rhode Island Rod, Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire. Fishery Bombay duck Harpodon. Marine form Sericulture Tasar silk Antherea roylei ( non mulberry ) Mulberry silk worm Bombyx mori HIV infection HIV causes AIDS, which attaches to a receptor called CD4. This receptor is present in the plasma membrane of WBC called Helper T cells. After binding to CD4, HIV enters the helper T cells via receptor mediated endocytosis. The new HIV copies bud off from the cell’s plasma membrane and circulate into blood to infect other cells. HIV mainly damage Helper ( CD4 + ) T cells. Over 10 billion HIV viral copies may be produced each day. After a period of 2 to 10 years, the virus destroys enough CD4 + T cells that results immunodeficiency. Insectivorous plants Drosera Insects It is called Sundew because of the shining of the leaves by the secretion. Attracted by the shining will get entrapped and the leaf closes. Nepenthes It is called Pitcher plant because the leaf is modified into a pitcher. The pitcher has Nectar for attracting insects. Utricularia It is the Bladder wort. The segmented leaves modified into bladder. It is free floating Water plant with out roots. The aquatic insects get entrapped in the bladder will beDigested by the enzymes. 9 Nanotechnology It is based on manipulation of atoms and molecules to design assemblies which can perform usual works. For example, Nanocomputer made up of atoms and molecules. One such Nanocomputer can be placed in the brain to enhance human intelligence. Other prospects of nanotechnology are biosensors, optoelectronic devices etc. Great Irish Potato famine occurred in 1945 due to the fungus Phytophthora Bengal famine occurred in 1942 due to Leaf spot disease of Rice infected by Helminthosporium oryzae. A troublesome American water weed in India called “ sorrow of Punjab “ is - Eichornia Carbon dioxide is a green house gas because it is – Transparent to solar radiation and opaque to Infrared and is a strong absorber of Infrared rays. Leakage of Methyl iso cyanate ( MIC ) caused the biggest industrial disaster of the recent times in 1984 ( Bhopal Tragedy ). The industrial plant where the leakage occurred is – Pesticide factory. The most dangerous Radio isotope to humans is – Strontium 90. Agent Orange contains – 2,4 D, 2,4,5 T , Dioxin as contaminant or carcinogen The most common indicator that represents polluted water is – Escherichia coli Threatened species is – That is to be conserved to avoid its becoming rare, endangered, or vulnerable species. The most important activity responsible for the extinction / diminishing of wild life is Alteration and destruction of natural habitats. Project Tiger was launched in 1973. It is a – Conservation programme. Periyar wild life sanctuary of Kerala is famous for – Elephants and other animals. The symbol of WWFN is – Giant Panda. The Indian army wing that takes the task of preserving and restoring ecology of the country is TASK. Chipko Movement is the world’s most known eco development programme started by S.L.Bahuguna in 1973 in Tehri Garhwal ( Uttranchal ). It is meant for – Plant / Forest conservation. Shifting cultivation is being practiced by some tribals in Assam and Europe. It is one of the causes of deforestation as a forest area is cleared by slashing ( cutting ) and burning of trees for cultivation for 3-5 years and then a new forest area is cleared. The abandoned area invites erosion wild vegetation. This type of cultivation is – Jhuming cultivation. Collego “ and “ Devine “ are two substances used as – Bioherbicides. TISSUE CULTURE Tissue culture is also called as “ invitro culture “. Tissue culture medium uses Agar as the base material. Common macro elements used are Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and micro elements are Al, Co, Cu, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cl. Carbon source in the tissue culture medium will be Sucrose and rarely Glucose or Mannitol. Phytohormones used are IAA, NAA and Kinetin. Vitamins are Nicotinic acid and Pyridoxine. 10 Enzymes used in Protoplast fusion are Onozuka –R 10 and Mecerozyme. Poly ethylene Glycol or PEG is the inducing agent in somatic hybridization. Somatic embryogenesis depends on the balance between Auxin and Nitrogen source. Such factors are called as Epigenetic factors. Organ culture is helpful to protect rare plants from extinction. Monoclonal antibodies are only one type of antibody for a specific antigen generated by Hybridoma technology. Monoclonal antibodies are called as “ Magic Bullets “ because they are used in Chemotherapy to give drug to the target cancer cells. Polyclonal antibodies contain different types of antibodies generated by vaccinating an animal like sheep or Mice. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THERAPEUTICS TLC Total leukocyte count. Used to take total number of white blood cells. Instrument used is Haemocytometer. DLC Differential leukocyte count – Used to count the total number of different white blood cells. ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – Used to determine the rate of sedimentation of blood cells. Normal ESR value is 0-5mm per hour. Increase in ESR indicates infection or inflammation in the body. WIDAL test - Used to detect the presence of gram-negative bacteria in the blood. Test for typhoid.Test is based on the antigen-antibody interaction. ELISA Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay –Test used to detect the presence of specific antigenIn the blood. It was devised by EngVall and Perlmann in 1976.The test is based on the interaction between antigens and antibodies. Therapeutic Hormones –Artificially synthesized hormones using DNA recombinant technology .It aims commercial production of hormones using microorganisms. Egs. Human insulin – Humulin, Bovine somato tropin (BST), human growth hormone, Cortisone etc. Interferons Antiviral proteins produced by the body cells. Isolated by Alick Issac and Jean Lindermann in 1957.Interferons destroy the virus by inhibiting the virus infection on the cell membrane or preventing the synthesis of viral proteins. Commercial interferons Interferon A and Interferon B by genetic engineering in mouse. Monoclonal antibodies Artificially produced antibodies by injecting antigen in mouse and generating polyclonal antibodies. The desired antibody is then separated and produced in large scale by hybridoma technology. GODPOD method Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase method – Used to detect the quantity of glucose in the blood. This is an enzymatic method. Glucose oxidizes converts glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide then reacts with an oxygen acceptor like hydroxy benzoate to give a colour proportional to the amount of glucose. It can be analyzed using spectrophotometer. 11 Berth lot method It is used to determine the blood urea. Urea is hydrolyzed by urease enzyme to ammonia .It then reacts with alkaline hypochloroide and sodium salicylate in the presence of Sodium nitroprusside to form a coloured compound. The colour is proportional to the amount of urea. BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY X-Radiography Provides detailed images of the dense parts of the body. If the body is exposed to x rays some of the rays pass through the body and fall on the X ray film. In the X ray film the dense parts appear as shadows. CRT Cathode Ray Tube This is the monitor used in many biomedical instruments to observe the image DSA Digital Substraction Angiography. A technique that produces clear views of the blood flow and blocks in the blood vessels. Angiograph It is the recorded image of the internal organs observed in the DSA instrument. CAT Computerized Axial Tomography Technique used to study the internal organs. A number of images of the internal organs are recorded and then analyzed using computer to reconstruct the image. MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI detects the presence of water in the body parts. The patient is exposed to a magnetic field and water rich and water poor parts of the organs can be distinguished. Water poor regions indicate dead parts. PET Positron Emission Tomography Radiolabeled materials like glucose is introduced in to the body through trip. Glucose distributes in the body and the radioactive material decay and emits positrons. This produces flashes and is recorded. This gives a 3D image. Active tissue takes more glucose than inactive tissue. This part appears as bright area in the image. This helps to detect tissue damage in brain. Sonography It uses ultra sonic sound to detect defects in the internal organs. Ultra sonic sound with a frequency between 1 and 15 MHz is passed through the body and reflected sound is collected. The reflection depends on the density of the tissue. The reflected sound is collected by the transducer and processed by the computer to get an image. Doppler Effect Sonography is used to detect the flow of blood through the heart. It provides pictures of the blood flow. Different coloures will be formed based on the distance between the blood flow and the transducer. ECG Electro Cardio Graph used to monitor the functioning of the heart. During heart beat electrical signals appear in the skin, which can be detected using electrodes and recorded. EEG Electro Encephalo Graph Used to detect the functioning of brain. It detects and record the electrical waves produced by the brain. Polygraphy Technique used to detect a persons mental state. It can be used as a lie detector. It uses various parameters like ECG, EEG, BP, skin resistance etc. EMG ElectroMyoGraph Records muscle activity EOG ElectroOculoGraph Records eye defects. 12 CCD ChargeCoupledDevice Front part of the endoscope. It has many light sensitive cells that produces the image of the internal organs. Laproscope Endoscopy used to detect defects in the uterus and fallopian tubes. Using laproscopySterilization can be done without surgery. Laser surgery Surgical treatment using laser. Action of laser is localized so that it can be used toHeal lesions without surgery. Argon laser surgery Used in eye surgery. Immuno suppressive drugs Used after organ transplantation or plastic surgery. Suppress the Immune system of the body and prevents tissue rejection.Eg. Cyclosporin Prosthesis Modern surgery deals with implantation of artificial body parts. Artificial pacemaker Pacemaker is the part of heart that produces heart beats. Artificial Pace maker is a small battery operated device implanted on the chest beneath the skin .It produces electrical signals for the heart beat for about 10 years. Angioplasty Technique used to detect blocks in the coronary artery. A balloon catheter is introduced through the vein of arm or leg and a white dye is sprayed to locate the block. The block is then removed by inflating a balloon connected at the tip of the catheter. CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Grafting of blood vessel taken from the leg in the coronary artery to bypass the blood flow. Cryosurgery Removal of body parts after freezing the tissue using liquid nitrogen at – 196 degree. Gene therapy Introduction of a normal gene in to a cell that contain a defective gene using a virus as vector. Poisonous Mushrooms Some mushrooms are deadly poisonous. They can be identified by their bright colour, pink spores and growing on wood. Most deadly forms are : Dead cap – Amanita phalloides , Fools cap – A. verna, Destroying angel – A. virosa Smut These are greenish black sores formed giving sooty appearance to plant body. Eg. Ustilago causes smut in Wheat. Fox Fire Some fungi like Agaricus is Bioluminescent. Other forms are Fomes, Polyporus sulphureus, Xylatia hypoxylon. They grow on decaying logs are used as Pathmarkers during night by Troops and Signals on Ports. This phenomenon of Glowing wood is called Fox Fire MAB Man and Biosphere Programme. Interdisciplinary research programme witch emphasizes an ecological approach to the study of inter-relationships between man and environment Breech baby A breech baby is one born with feet and buttocks first. Between 30 th and 34th week of pregnancy, the baby usually turns so there will be a head presentation. Failing to do so results in breech baby. IBP International Biological Programme. It attempts to study ecosystems on a world scale through international cooperation. 13 IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is now named as World Conservation Union but the abbreviation IUCN is retained. It created in 1948. It is a multinational body that compiles lists of rare species and protected natural areas. It also provides advice/expertise to national governments. Agenda 21 It is product of the Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is a blue print to encourage sustainable development socially, economically and environmentally in the 21st century. Silent valley Located in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It is named so because of the absence of Cicada. Alpha diversity Diversity of species within a habitat or community. Beta diversity Diversity measures the rate of change in species composition along a gradient from one community to another on a regional scale. Gamma diversity Diversity reflects the broadest geographical scale, representing species diversity across a range of communities in a region or a number of regions. Gaia Hypothesis According to Gaia Hypothesis, the Earth is similar to an organism and its component parts are integrated in the same manner as the cells and organs in a living body. Prepared by D.Mohan kumar Sel .Gr. Lecturer in Zoology, University College Trivandrum