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BIOLOGY EXCEL
HIGH YIELD FACTS AND HINTS
Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
Bacteria Root nodules of leguminous plants
Root nodules of non-leguminous plants – Casurina and Alder.
Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers
1. Blue green algae
Nostoc, Gloeocapsa.
2. Yeast
Rhodotorula
3. Bacteria
Aerobacter aerogence, Bacillus, Klebsiella.
4. Areobic bacteria
Acetobactor.
5. Anaerobic bacteria
Non photosynthetic Clostridium
Photosynthetic
Rhodospirillum.
ARBIDOPSIS
The model organism for plant study. It has the advantages of small size,
small genome, small life cycle etc.
AQUAPORINS
Proteins that permits water to cross plasma membrane.
STRAGLERS
Plants start life as epiphytes but send roots. Eg. Ficus.
LOMASOMES
Structures similar to Mesosomes. These are found in Fungi and higher plants.
Lomasomes are formed by the infolding of plasma membrane.
CRYPTOCHROME
Light receptor in Cryptogams or non flowering plants. Absorbs blue light
and long wavelength UV rays.
SAFFRON
Obtained from the style and stigma of Crocus plant.
GREAT BANYAN TREE
Grows in EBG Sibpur.
Anastral mitosis is found in Higher plants.
Aquatic plant in which petiole helps in floating is Eichornia.
Basal placentation is found in the family Compositae.
The simple mechanical tissue devoid of Lignin is Collenchyma.
Genetic material of Cyanophage is DNA.
Mycoplasma differs from virus because it has both DNA and RNA.
Nostoc occurs as Endophyte in Cycas, Azolloa, Anthoceros etc.
Spirogyra is called “ Pond Scum “.
ORGANIC FUNGICIDES
Agrosan GN, Ceresan, Thiram, Ziram. Agrosan and Ceresan are Organo
mercuric compounds remains as Dithio carbamates.
Great Irish Potato famine occurred in 1945 due to the fungus Phytophthora.
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Bengal famine occurred in 1942 due to Leaf spot disease of Rice infected by
Helminthosporium oryzae.
Alga showing best origin and evolution of sex is the Red alga.
Rauwolfia serpentina belongs to the family Apocynaceae.
Movement of pollen tube is Thigmotactic.
Spring wood is the secondary xylem with tracheids and vessels with wide lumen.
Tyloses are balloon like ingrowths in tracheids and vessels of heart wood from
parenchyma.
INTERESTING PLANTS
1. Wolffia
Smallest angiosperm.
2. Zostera
Marine angiosperm.
3. Butter wort
Pingnicula. It is insectivorous plant.
4. Water flea trap Aldrovanda. It is insectivorous plant.
5. Monophyllea
A plant with single leaf.
6. Tallest grass
Bamboo.
7. Raphia viniflora
Plant with longest leaf.
8. Cyanodon
Evergreen grass. Also called Doob grass.
9. Amorphophalus
Largest Indian Inflorescence.
10. SACS
S-allyl cystine sulphoxide. Anti diabetic material
found in Garlic.
RIFAMPICIN
The antibiotic used in Tuberculosis. It is the product of soil Steptomyces.
Rifampicin inhibit the RNA polymerase ( beta unit ) preventing the
transcription in bacteria. Mycobacterium causing TB is only sensitive to
Rifampicin.
SIGMA FACTOR
It is the 5th protein unit present in the RNA polymerase of prokaryotes that
initiate transcription by binding the promoter site.
ALPHA AMANITIN
The toxin produced by the Mushroom Amanita. It inhibits RNA polymerase
II in eukaryotes and inhibits mRNA synthesis. Amanita poisoning causes
liver failure, so that new enzymes cannot be synthesized after the
degradation of enzymes by the liver.
ENHANCERS
These are gene specific sequences that positively affect transcription.
RIBOZYMES
These are RNAs acting as enzymes. Ribonuclease P or Rnase P is a true catalyst. It
contains both RNA and Protein components. After the discovery of Ribozymes in 1980s,
Evolution is considered as the “ RNA World “. According to this concept RNA not DNA
was the first nucleic acid formed and RNA initiated the formation of DNA
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THALASSEMIA
It is caused by the inability of alpha and beta chains of haemoglobin to
associate during the formation of hemoglobin. Thalassemia appears not in
foetus because there is no beta chain in foetal hemoglobin.
CHROMOSOME WALKING
Technique to define gene arrangement in long stretches of DNA. The
sequences are
FINGER PRINTING verified one by one just like walking over the road.
PAW PRINTING
Technique used to fingerprint animal DNA other than human DNA.
FOOT PRINTING
Technique used in DNA sequencing in which the histone binding sites of
DNA that donot accept DNAase are identified. It is used to identify protein
binding sites of DNA.
ANTI-SENSE RNA
Non coding mRNA which do not translate protein used in genetic
engineering. It is produced by reversing the coding sequences of DNA. This
technique was used to produce genetically engineered Tomato. One of the
gene sequence coding the fruit ripening in tomato was introduced in the
transgenic tomato in the reverse order. So that one gene produced the fruit
ripening protein normally and the reversed gene failed to produce the
protein because it transcribed an anti-sense mRNA. This delayed fruit
ripening.
Ripe grape contains about 20% glucose.
Fructose is called as Grape sugar and it is the most sweetest sugar.
Sweetness of sugars
Sucrose – 100 Glucose – 74 Fructose – 173
Galactose – 32
Maltose – 32 Lactose – 16
Glycogen is called as Animal Starch and its structure is similar to that of
Amylopectin.
Cellulose on nitration gives the Gun powder ( Cellulose nitrate ) which is used in
explosives.
Cellulose acetate is used in Photographic film and in Varnish.
Rayons, Cellophane, Celluloid are made from Cellulose.
Pectin is a polysaccharide found in the Fruit skin which is used to make jelly.
Alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from Seaweeds.
Gum and Alginate are used as Stabilizers and Emulsifiers.
Richest source of PUFA is Vegetable oil.
Coconut oil contains minimum fatty acid content.
Sunflower oil is rich in Linoleic acid.
Mustard oil is the most Unsaturated one.
Prostaglandins are synthesized from Essential fatty acids
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Cholesterol
It is called as Animal Steroid. It is insoluble in water and forms bile salts.
It is synthesized from Acetyl CoA or Acetate in Liver. Cholesterol is not a dietary
essential substance. It is not found in plants. Cholesterol is minimum in vegetable oils.
Tay Sach disease is due to excess Gangliosides.
Arteriosclerosis is caused due to excess Cholesterol level.
LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein.
IDLs - Intermediate Density Lipoproteins.
VLDLs – Very low Density Lipoproteins.
HDLs - High Density Lipoproteins. Prominent in Blood.
Tangier Disease
- Disease caused by the deficiency of Alpha Lipoprotein.
Apolipoprotein
- Protein component of Lipoprotein.
Essential Amino acids
Non essential Amino acids
Valine
Alanine
Leucine
Serine
Isoleucine
Proline
Phenylalanine
Glutamic acid
Tryptophan
Aspartic acid
Methionine
Tyrosine
Lysine
Cysteine
Threonine
Asparginine
Histidine
Glutamic acid
Arginine
Glycine
Magic 20
Amino acids are called as Magic 20.
INSULIN
Insulin is secreted by the Beta cells of Islets. It is the Hypoglycemic hormone reducing
The high blood glucose level. In 1953, Frederic Sanger identified the amino acid
Sequence of insulin. Insulin is a small protein containing 51 amino acids. 21 amino acids
In the Alpha chain and 30 amino acids in the Beta chain. The two chains are linked by
Disulphide ( S – S ) bonds. It is used in the treatment of Diabetics. Pig ( Porcine ) or
Cow ( Bovine ) insulin are used for treatment. Genetically engineered Humulin is used
nowadays. Modified Pig insulin is also used. The animal insulin may produce allergic
responses in some persons. Banting and Best discovered Insulin.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
It has the ability to transfer and stably integrate foreign DNA into plant genome. Nif
genes are tied to T1 plasmid and is allowed to integrate into genome of non-leguminous
plants.
Azospirillum lipoferum
Nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the roots of Brazilian grasses and Maize. Scientists
are trying to associate Azospirillum with cereals to reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
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Penicillin
Antibiotic obtained from Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum. Penicillin
is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It prevents wall formation in bacteria and kill them.
Aspergillus niger
It is used in commercial preparation of citric acid from sugarbeet and sugarcane
molasses. It can convert 40% of sucrose to citric acid.
Embryo rescue technique
Technique used to prevent the death of hybrid embryos. The technique involves excision
and growth of hybrid embryo in a culture on a nutrient medium. It helps to produce
hybrids that are disease resistant.
Autoradiography
It is the method used to localize radioactive atoms in microscopic preparations of
biological materials by exposing a photographic film emulsion to radioactive atoms
incorporated in the biological specimen.
BAC
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome. It consists of F plasmid of bacteria and can be used for
transferring eukaryotic genes.
Bacillus thuringienesis
It is the soil bacterium produces a crystal protein called Cry protein in its spores which
is toxic to larvae of certain insects. The gene encoding Cry protein is called cry gene and
has been isolated and efforts are being made by scientists to transfer this gene into Chick
pea and other pulses to ptotect them from severe damaged caused by insect pests.
Biopatency
Patency is a right given officially to an inventor to make or sell his/her invention and to
prevent others from copying it. Countries like USA, Japan and European union award
biopatency for strains of microorganisms, cell lines, genetically modified plants and
animals, DNA sequences, biotechnology products, procedures etc.
Biopiracy
It is the unauthorized use of patent resources by organizations and multinational
companies of other nations. For example, the patent claimed by USA for the Basmati rice
whose germplasm originally belong to India. The protein Brazzein from West African
plant Pentadipiandra brazeana which is a low calorie sweetner has been patented in the
USA.
Biowar
This involves the use of biological weapons against humans, crops and animals.
Biological warfare involves bioweapon agents or toxins which attack humans, crops and
animals and its use in war has been dated back to 5th century B.C. Bioweapon agents are
contained in the containers and delivered as powders, sprays etc. Some of the potent
pathogens used in biowarfare are Anthrax, Small pox, Botulinum pathogens.
Bioethics
It involves the set of standards that are used to regulate and monitor our activities in
relation to biological world. Biotechnology has greatly exploited the biological world
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and there are several bioethical concerns which include over use, disrespect given to
plants and animals and also the risk involved in the experiments.
Gene bank
Gene bank or Gene library is the collection of cloned genes, frequently comprising cells
of the gene from a particular species. Such libraries may consists of genomic sequences
or DNA sequences, the latter having being made from messenger RNA and intron
sequences.
Transgenic organisms
Organisms that has become transformed following the introduction of new DNA into its
genome is called transgenic organism. Transgenic crop plants contain a gene or genes
which have been artificially inserted instead of plant acquiring them through
pollination. The inserted gene sequence is called Transgene may come from another
unrelated plant or from a completely different species. For example, Bt Corn with gene
from Bacillus thuringienesis, resistant to over ripening of Tomato.
Transgenic animals have novel genes obtained from outside. For example, Plasminogen
activator in milk ( Goat ). Transgenic microbes are being used in industry for producing
different bio chemicals and various functions. For example, Pseudomonas putida has
been changed by introducing Plasmids of different strains for Alcoholic fermentation.
Bt Cotton, a transgenic crop variety, have been introduced in India. The Bt cotton variety
contains a foreign gene obtained from Bacillus thuringienesis. This bacterial gene,
introduced genetically into the cotton seeds protect the plant from Bollworm, a major
pest of cotton. Bt cotton requires only 2 sprays of pesticide while the normal variety
requires 8 sprays. According to Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ), India
uses about half of its pesticides on cotton to fight against Bollworm menacle. Use of Bt
cotton has led to a 3% - 27% increase in cotton yield in countries where it is grown
Transgenic vegetables
First transgenic plant Flavr Savr- delayed ripening tomato – introduced by Calgene Inc.
USA in 1994.
Cherry, Endless summer ( tomato ) – contains Bt protein gene against fruit borer.
Freedom II
Squash resistant to water melon mosaic virus
New leaf ( Potato )
resistant to Colorado beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata )
AmAl
Amaranth
Parthenocarpy fruits Seed less fruits
Golden rice
With high Vit. A content
Biological magnification
It is the process where by certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up
the food chain, toxins build up a successive link of the food chain. It works their way
into river or lakes and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish which in turn are
eaten by large birds, animals or humans. The substance become concentrated in the
chain. It is like a magnifying glass that makes things look bigger. Biological
magnification makes toxin get bigger and stronger in the ecosystem.
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Eg. 1 Some pesticides are considered as Environmental Oestrogens. These chemicals
interfere with sex hormones and causes decreases sperm counting, breast cancer,
testicular cancer, mis carriage etc. Methoxyclor, Atrazine, Benomyl are examples.
Eg. 2 Beetals may have very low level of fat soluble pesticides, but the pesticides will
build much greater levels till in a human that eats the beetal eating bird.
Eg. 3 DDT in food chain of coastal water of long island.
Genetic map or Linkage map
These are maps based on the recombination frequency. It includes determination of
linkage groups and determination of map distance. A linkage group does not show the
physical distance between genes but rather their relative positions as determined by
how gene loci are inherited together. The closer two genes are, the more often they will
be inherited together. Linkage distance is measured in Centimorgan unit ( cM)
Chromosome map
These are used to identify the location of genes using special cytological techniques such
as Chromosome Banding.
Bio-informatics
This is a new computer aided technology to store, retrieve, analyze or predict the
composition or structure of bio-molecules. Classical bio-informatics mainly deal with the
sequence analysis of DNA or Protein. The Human Genome Project is currently being
completed with the help of Bio-informatics. New Bio-informatics include Medical
imaging or Image analysis, biologically inspired computation like Genetic Algorithms.
Pesticides
Organochlorides
DDT, BHC, Aldrin, Endosulphan – These are lipophilic
compounds accumulate in fat depots like liver.
Organophosphates Malathion, Parathion, Feritrothion- These affect nervous system.
Carbamates
Carbaryl, Carbofuran
- Inhibit Acetylcholine esterase.
Highly toxic pesticides
DDT, BHC, Carbofuran, Aldrin
Well known pesticide
Parathion
Insecticide for Malaria control
Malathion
Furudan
It is Carbofuron
Baygon
It is Propoxus
Herbicides destroy the weeds by affecting the Photosystem II.
Biopesticides
These are biological agents used to control pests. Devine and Colego first used Fungal
spores in weed control.
Pyrethrum is obtained from Chysanthemum cineranifolium is a natural plant
insecticide. It is used to make Mosquito coils.
Neem contains an Anti-feedant called Azadiraclitin.
Sugar cane breeding institute is located in Coimbatore
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Orthodox seeds
These are seeds withstand low moisture and low temperature. Egs. Cereals, Legumes.
Recalcitrant seeds
These are seeds killed by drying and freezing. Egs. Jack fruit, Tea, Cocoa, Rubber, Palm.
Domestication of Animals
Indian cows are cross bred with European breeds like Holstein, Brown swiss, Jersey, Red
/ Dane.
Karan swiss and Sunandini are breeds developed through cross breeding at National
Dairy Research Institute Karnal and Kerala.
Zebu cattles are resistant to Rinderpest or Cattle plague, Foot and Mouth diseases.
Exotic breeds of sheep are Dorset, Horn and Merino.
Breeds of Indian cattle
Miltch breed Gir ( Rajastan ), Sahiwal ( Punjab, Haryana, U.P ), Red sindhi ( A.P )
Draught breeds Malvi ( Rajastan, M.P ), Nageri ( Delhi, Haryana, U.P ), Hallikar (
Karnataka )
General breeds
Ongole ( A.P ), Kankref ( Gujarat ), Tharparkar ( A.P, Gujarat )
Sheep
Nellore ( Maharashtra )
Poultry exotic breeds White leghorn, Rhode Island Rod, Plymouth Rock, New
Hampshire.
Fishery
Bombay duck Harpodon. Marine form
Sericulture
Tasar silk
Antherea roylei ( non mulberry )
Mulberry silk worm Bombyx mori
HIV infection
HIV causes AIDS, which attaches to a receptor called CD4. This receptor is present in the
plasma membrane of WBC called Helper T cells. After binding to CD4, HIV enters the
helper T cells via receptor mediated endocytosis. The new HIV copies bud off from the
cell’s plasma membrane and circulate into blood to infect other cells. HIV mainly
damage Helper ( CD4 + ) T cells. Over 10 billion HIV viral copies may be produced each
day. After a period of 2 to 10 years, the virus destroys enough CD4 + T cells that results
immunodeficiency.
Insectivorous plants
Drosera
Insects
It is called Sundew because of the shining of the leaves by the secretion.
Attracted by the shining will get entrapped and the leaf closes.
Nepenthes
It is called Pitcher plant because the leaf is modified into a pitcher. The
pitcher has Nectar for attracting insects.
Utricularia
It is the Bladder wort. The segmented leaves modified into bladder. It is
free floating Water plant with out roots. The aquatic insects get entrapped in the bladder
will beDigested by the enzymes.
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Nanotechnology
It is based on manipulation of atoms and molecules to design assemblies which can
perform usual works. For example, Nanocomputer made up of atoms and molecules.
One such Nanocomputer can be placed in the brain to enhance human intelligence.
Other prospects of nanotechnology are biosensors, optoelectronic devices etc.
Great Irish Potato famine occurred in 1945 due to the fungus Phytophthora
Bengal famine occurred in 1942 due to Leaf spot disease of Rice infected by
Helminthosporium oryzae.
A troublesome American water weed in India called “ sorrow of Punjab “ is - Eichornia
Carbon dioxide is a green house gas because it is – Transparent to solar radiation and
opaque to Infrared and is a strong absorber of Infrared rays.
Leakage of Methyl iso cyanate ( MIC ) caused the biggest industrial disaster of the recent
times in 1984 ( Bhopal Tragedy ). The industrial plant where the leakage occurred is –
Pesticide factory.
The most dangerous Radio isotope to humans is – Strontium 90.
Agent Orange contains – 2,4 D, 2,4,5 T , Dioxin as contaminant or carcinogen
The most common indicator that represents polluted water is – Escherichia coli
Threatened species is – That is to be conserved to avoid its becoming rare, endangered, or
vulnerable species.
The most important activity responsible for the extinction / diminishing of wild life is
Alteration and destruction of natural habitats.
Project Tiger was launched in 1973. It is a – Conservation programme.
Periyar wild life sanctuary of Kerala is famous for – Elephants and other animals.
The symbol of WWFN is – Giant Panda.
The Indian army wing that takes the task of preserving and restoring ecology of the
country is TASK.
Chipko Movement is the world’s most known eco development programme started by
S.L.Bahuguna in 1973 in Tehri Garhwal ( Uttranchal ). It is meant for – Plant / Forest
conservation.
Shifting cultivation is being practiced by some tribals in Assam and Europe. It is one of
the causes of deforestation as a forest area is cleared by slashing ( cutting ) and burning
of trees for cultivation for 3-5 years and then a new forest area is cleared. The abandoned
area invites erosion wild vegetation. This type of cultivation is – Jhuming cultivation.
Collego “ and “ Devine “ are two substances used as – Bioherbicides.
TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue culture is also called as “ invitro culture “.
Tissue culture medium uses Agar as the base material.
Common macro elements used are Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and micro elements are Al, Co, Cu,
Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cl.
Carbon source in the tissue culture medium will be Sucrose and rarely Glucose or
Mannitol.
Phytohormones used are IAA, NAA and Kinetin.
Vitamins are Nicotinic acid and Pyridoxine.
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Enzymes used in Protoplast fusion are Onozuka –R 10 and Mecerozyme.
Poly ethylene Glycol or PEG is the inducing agent in somatic hybridization.
Somatic embryogenesis depends on the balance between Auxin and Nitrogen source.
Such factors are called as Epigenetic factors.
Organ culture is helpful to protect rare plants from extinction.
Monoclonal antibodies are only one type of antibody for a specific antigen generated by
Hybridoma technology.
Monoclonal antibodies are called as “ Magic Bullets “ because they are used in
Chemotherapy to give drug to the target cancer cells.
Polyclonal antibodies contain different types of antibodies generated by vaccinating an
animal like sheep or Mice.
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THERAPEUTICS
TLC Total leukocyte count. Used to take total number of white blood cells. Instrument
used is Haemocytometer.
DLC Differential leukocyte count – Used to count the total number of different white
blood cells.
ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – Used to determine the rate of sedimentation of
blood cells.
Normal ESR value is 0-5mm per hour. Increase in ESR indicates infection or
inflammation in the body.
WIDAL test - Used to detect the presence of gram-negative bacteria in the blood. Test
for typhoid.Test is based on the antigen-antibody interaction.
ELISA Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay –Test used to detect the presence of
specific antigenIn the blood. It was devised by EngVall and Perlmann in 1976.The test is
based on the interaction between antigens and antibodies.
Therapeutic Hormones –Artificially synthesized hormones using DNA recombinant
technology .It aims commercial production of hormones using microorganisms. Egs.
Human insulin – Humulin, Bovine somato tropin (BST), human growth hormone,
Cortisone etc.
Interferons Antiviral proteins produced by the body cells. Isolated by Alick Issac and
Jean Lindermann in 1957.Interferons destroy the virus by inhibiting the virus infection
on the cell membrane or preventing the synthesis of viral proteins.
Commercial interferons
Interferon A and Interferon B by genetic engineering in
mouse.
Monoclonal antibodies
Artificially produced antibodies by injecting antigen in
mouse and generating polyclonal antibodies. The desired antibody is then separated and
produced in large scale by hybridoma technology.
GODPOD method
Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase method – Used to detect the quantity of
glucose in the blood. This is an enzymatic method. Glucose oxidizes converts glucose to gluconic
acid and hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide then reacts with an oxygen acceptor like hydroxy
benzoate to give a colour proportional to the amount of glucose. It can be analyzed using
spectrophotometer.
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Berth lot method
It is used to determine the blood urea. Urea is hydrolyzed by
urease enzyme to ammonia .It then reacts with alkaline hypochloroide and sodium
salicylate in the presence of Sodium nitroprusside to form a coloured compound. The
colour is proportional to the amount of urea.
BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
X-Radiography
Provides detailed images of the dense parts of the body. If the
body is exposed to x rays some of the rays pass through the body and fall on the X ray
film. In the X ray film the dense parts appear as shadows.
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
This is the monitor used in many biomedical instruments
to observe the image
DSA Digital Substraction Angiography. A technique that produces clear views of the
blood flow and blocks in the blood vessels.
Angiograph
It is the recorded image of the internal organs observed in the
DSA instrument.
CAT Computerized Axial Tomography
Technique used to study the internal
organs. A number of images of the internal organs are recorded and then analyzed using
computer to reconstruct the image.
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI detects the presence of water in the
body parts. The patient is exposed to a magnetic field and water rich and water poor
parts of the organs can be distinguished. Water poor regions indicate dead parts.
PET Positron Emission Tomography
Radiolabeled materials like glucose is
introduced in to the body through trip. Glucose distributes in the body and the
radioactive material decay and emits positrons. This produces flashes and is recorded.
This gives a 3D image. Active tissue takes more glucose than inactive tissue. This part
appears as bright area in the image. This helps to detect tissue damage in brain.
Sonography It uses ultra sonic sound to detect defects in the internal organs. Ultra
sonic sound with a frequency between 1 and 15 MHz is passed through the body and
reflected sound is collected. The reflection depends on the density of the tissue. The
reflected sound is collected by the transducer and processed by the computer to get an
image.
Doppler Effect
Sonography is used to detect the flow of blood through the heart.
It provides pictures of the blood flow. Different coloures will be formed based on the
distance between the blood flow and the transducer.
ECG Electro Cardio Graph used to monitor the functioning of the heart. During heart
beat electrical signals appear in the skin, which can be detected using electrodes and
recorded.
EEG Electro Encephalo Graph
Used to detect the functioning of brain. It detects
and record the electrical waves produced by the brain.
Polygraphy Technique used to detect a persons mental state. It can be used as a lie
detector. It uses various parameters like ECG, EEG, BP, skin resistance etc.
EMG ElectroMyoGraph
Records muscle activity
EOG ElectroOculoGraph Records eye defects.
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CCD ChargeCoupledDevice
Front part of the endoscope. It has many light
sensitive cells that produces the image of the internal organs.
Laproscope Endoscopy used to detect defects in the uterus and fallopian tubes. Using
laproscopySterilization can be done without surgery.
Laser surgery Surgical treatment using laser. Action of laser is localized so that it can be
used toHeal lesions without surgery.
Argon laser surgery Used in eye surgery.
Immuno suppressive drugs Used after organ transplantation or plastic surgery.
Suppress the Immune system of the body and prevents tissue rejection.Eg. Cyclosporin
Prosthesis
Modern surgery deals with implantation of artificial body parts.
Artificial pacemaker Pacemaker is the part of heart that produces heart beats. Artificial
Pace maker is a small battery operated device implanted on the chest beneath the skin .It
produces electrical signals for the heart beat for about 10 years.
Angioplasty Technique used to detect blocks in the coronary artery. A balloon catheter
is introduced through the vein of arm or leg and a white dye is sprayed to locate the
block. The block is then removed by inflating a balloon connected at the tip of the
catheter.
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Grafting of blood vessel
taken from the leg in the coronary artery to bypass the blood flow.
Cryosurgery Removal of body parts after freezing the tissue using liquid nitrogen at –
196 degree.
Gene therapy Introduction of a normal gene in to a cell that contain a defective gene
using a virus as vector.
Poisonous Mushrooms Some mushrooms are deadly poisonous.
They can be identified by their bright colour, pink spores and growing on wood. Most
deadly forms are : Dead cap – Amanita phalloides , Fools cap
– A. verna, Destroying angel – A. virosa
Smut These are greenish black sores formed giving sooty appearance to plant body.
Eg. Ustilago causes smut in Wheat.
Fox Fire
Some fungi like Agaricus is Bioluminescent. Other forms are Fomes,
Polyporus sulphureus, Xylatia hypoxylon. They grow on decaying logs are used as
Pathmarkers during night by Troops and Signals on Ports. This phenomenon of Glowing
wood is called Fox Fire
MAB Man and Biosphere Programme. Interdisciplinary research programme witch
emphasizes an ecological approach to the study of inter-relationships between man and
environment
Breech baby A breech baby is one born with feet and buttocks first. Between 30 th and
34th week of pregnancy, the baby usually turns so there will be a head presentation.
Failing to do so results in breech baby.
IBP International Biological Programme. It attempts to study ecosystems on a world
scale through international cooperation.
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IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is
now named as World Conservation Union but the abbreviation IUCN is retained. It
created in 1948. It is a multinational body that compiles lists of rare species and
protected natural areas. It also provides advice/expertise to national governments.
Agenda 21 It is product of the Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is a blue print
to encourage sustainable development socially, economically and environmentally in the
21st century.
Silent valley Located in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It is named so because of the
absence of Cicada.
Alpha diversity
Diversity of species within a habitat or community.
Beta diversity
Diversity measures the rate of change in species composition
along a gradient from one community to another on a regional scale.
Gamma diversity
Diversity reflects the broadest geographical scale, representing
species diversity across a range of communities in a region or a number of regions.
Gaia Hypothesis
According to Gaia Hypothesis, the Earth is similar to an organism
and its component parts are integrated in the same manner as the cells and organs in a
living body.
Prepared by D.Mohan kumar Sel .Gr. Lecturer in Zoology, University College Trivandrum