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Chapter 15.1/2 Notes Pg. 84 Section 1: Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Section 2: Evidence of Evolution E.Q. - Identify and explain how the evidences of evolution can be used To show common ancestry. Chapter 15 Evolution Darwin on the HMS Beagle Darwin was hired as naturalist His job was to collect biological and geological specimens during the ship’s travel. Populations from the mainland changed after reaching the Galápagos. Chapter 15 Evolution 15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection The Galápagos Islands Darwin began to collect finches and other animals on the four islands. He noticed that the different islands seemed to have their own, slightly different varieties of animals. Chapter 15 Evolution 15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Darwin Continued His Studies Darwin hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species. Chapter 15 Evolution Darwin proposes Natural Selection A process by which organisms with favorable variations reproduce at higher rates than those without such variations. • In simple terms “ survival of the fittest” Chapter 15 Evolution 15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection The Origin of Species Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. 6 Evidences of Evolution 1.Fossil Record (biogeography) 2.Vestigial Structures 3.Homologous Structures 4.Analogous Structures 5.Embryology 6.Comparative Biochemistry* *also called macromolecules Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution The fossil record Fossils provide a record of species that lived long ago. Fossils show that ancient species share similarities with species that now live on Earth. Glyptodont Armadillo Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Vestigial Structures Structures that are in an organism that serve no known function. ex=appendix of humans Vestigial structures might have been used by ancestors. Hind limb of a whale 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures. Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Analogous structures can be used for the same purpose and can be superficially similar in construction, but are not inherited from a common ancestor. ex: wings Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Comparative Embryology Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms. Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Comparative Biochemistry (macromolecules) Amino acids are used to show similarities. Similar species = similar amino acid sequences Chapter 15 Evolution Derived vs. Ancestral traits Derived traits are newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors. Ancestral traits are more primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that do appear in ancestral forms. Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Types of Adaptation An adaptation is a trait that increases an organism’s reproductive success. (a trait that helps it survive) Webbed feet = adaptation Fitness is a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation. (how well does it survive/reproduce) Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Camouflage Allows organisms to become almost invisible to predators Leafy sea dragon Orchid Praying Mantis Chapter 15 Evolution 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Mimicry One species evolves to resemble another species. Western coral snake California kingsnake Notes REView ?’s Answer each with clear explanations. 1. What islands did Darwin stop at? What did he see? What idea did he propose? 2. Explain natural selection in your own words. (provide example) 3. List/describe all six different types of evidence used to show common ancestry. ** explain each and provide example of each 4. Explain what an adaptation is and give two human adaptations as examples.