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Immune System Basics
It is when the immune system attacks
organisms and substances that invade our
body.

Immune Response
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Two Basic types of leukocytes:
Phagocytes – Consume foreign invaders
◦ Neutrophil – Kills bacteria

Lymphocytes – Allow the body to
remember and recognize previous
invaders and help the body to destroy
them.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Leukocytes are produced in the bone
marrow

Stored:
◦ Thymus
◦ Spleen
◦ Lymph Nodes
Leukocytes

B Lymphocytes – create antibodies to
protect against invasion in the future.

T Lymphocytes – Come in behind B-Cells
and kills the foreign invaders. Known as
“killer cells”.
2 types of Lymphocytes
A pathogen is a foreign substance that
invades the body.
 Two examples:

◦ Bacteria – Live on their own and are in soil,
animals, and in the human body.
◦ Virus – Smaller than bacteria, can only live
inside the host cell.
Pathogen
The Lymphatic System

We come in contact with about 60,000
types of germs a day.
◦ One to two percent of them are potentially
dangerous to people with normal immunity
◦ A cold virus can live up to SIX hours outside the
human body
Colds usually get into your body through
your NOSE or EYES – seldom through your
mouth
 You can’t catch the same cold virus twice,
but there are hundreds of strains of viruses
 Average adult has 2-3 colds a year /
Average child 6-12 colds a year
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Money/loss spent on colds a year in the
US:
1. $75-100 million on physician visits
2. $7.7 billion on physician costs
3. $2.9 billion on over-the-counter drugs
4. $400 million on prescription drugs
5. 189 million school days lost a year to colds
6. 126 million work days missed by parents
caring for their children
7. 150 million employees missed days a year
8. Total cold-related work loss exceeds $20
billion a year

Make a List of the most Germ Riddled
Items You come in Contact with Daily?
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1. Kitchen faucet – biofilm on the screen
2. Garbage disposal – 1000 x’s more
bacteria then a toilet
3. Welcome mat
4. Vacuum cleaner
5. Dish towel (7% are contaminated with
MRSA)
6. Car dashboard
7. Soap dispenser
8. Restaurant ketchup bottle
9. Refrigerator seal (83% have molds)
10. Cell phones
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Top 10 germ-riddled spots in a restaurant
1. Seats
2. Menus
3. Lemon wedges (50% tested positive
for fecal matter)
4. Salt & pepper shakers
5. Tables (especially edges)
6. Rims of glasses
7. Bathroom door knobs
8. Bathroom faucets
9. Ketchup bottles
10. Salad bar thongs
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Money is full of germs–paper money the
most. The metals in coins often kill the
bacteria, especially the nickel.
Most effective mechanism to avoid picking up a
cold or other bacteria is washing hands – cuts
your risk to almost “Nil”–wash your hands
before you eat, drink or touch your face.
Sanitize items-Don’t share things-Stay home if
you are sick-Keep tissues handy-Avoid infested
areas
Build immune system–good sleep, naps,
nutrition Vit C&D and exercise
Hands off – especially your nose and eyes immunization
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A.
T – Lymphocytes are responsible
1.
2.
3.
4.
For producing
antibodies
For producing
phagocytes
For killing foreign
invaders
For providing vaccines
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
Leukocytes are produced in the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Spleen
Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Digestive System
0%
1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
What is B – Lymphocytes not
responsible for
1.
2.
3.
4.
Creating Antibodies
Continue to
circulate in your
body for years
Killing foreign
invaders
Send messages to
T-Cells
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
Tiny hair like structures that
stop pathogens
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mucus Membrane
Skin
Fungi
Digestive System
Cilia
0%
1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
Which is not a storage area for
Leukocytes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bone marrow
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
Infectious Diseases are caused
by
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Phagocytes
Cilia
Pathogens
Vaccines
Neutrophils
0%
1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
White Blood cells that carry out
most of the immune system’s
functions are called?
1. Neutrophils
2. Lymphocytes
3. Phagocytes
4. Antibodies
5. Leukocytes
0%
1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0%
4
5
Points
Team
Team Scores
Points
Team
The first exposure to the
pathogen generated…
1.
2.
3.
4.
More antibodies than
the 2nd exposure
Fewer antibodies than
the 2nd exposure
No antibodies
The same number of
antibodies than the
2nd exposure
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
The 2nd exposure occurred
how many days after the first?
1.
2.
3.
4.
14
21
28
30
days
days
days
days
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
The amount of time for the
antibody concentration to reach
its peak after the 1st exposure was
1.
2.
3.
4.
4 days
6 days
8 days
12 days
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
The amount of time for the
antibody concentration to reach
its peak after the 2nd exposure
was
1.
2.
3.
4.
4 days
8 days
12 days
14 days
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
Points
Team
Team Scores
Points
Team
Points
Participant
Points
Participant Leaders
Participant