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Transcript
1 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 Evolution: Microevolution – Macroevolution – Charles Darwin – Father of Evolution On the HMS Beagle Darwin worked as the ship’s naturalist (field biologist), Two points about Natural Selection Evidence for Evolution 1. Fossil Record – 2 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 2. Homologous structures – 3. Molecular similarities – 4. Artificial selection- He hypothesized that as the descendants of a remote ancestor spread into various habitats over millions and millions of years, they accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that fit them to specific ways of life in their environment. The essence of natural selection is this unequal reproduction. Three key points about evolution by natural selection: 3 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 Four requirements for Natural Selection: Evolution occurs within populations: What is a population? Population Genetics – the study of genetic changes in populations. Gene pool: The four main causes of evolutionary change are 1. natural selection – 2. genetic drift – 4 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 2. Genetic Drift can be caused by bottleneck effect or founder effect Bottleneck effect – Founder effect 5 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 3. gene flow – Gene Flow 6 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 Transfer of individuals or gametes between populations 4. mutations – Mutations – Sources of genetic variation in populationsMutations Sexual reproduction Independent assortment Random fertilization Independent orientation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis, Fitness 7 Bio 100 Spring 2016 Lecture 13 Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it must satisfy five main conditions.