Download Unit 3 Test Review Solutions File

EVOLUTION UNIT REVIEW:
Answer Key to
Unit 3 self quiz : 1-11, 13-15, 23, 26, 27 p 380-381
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)
23. False. Cuvier's theory of catastrophism is inconsistent with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
26. False. The eyes of flying insects and the eyes of birds are analogous features. [OR] The wings of birds and
the wings of flying insects are analogous features.
27. False. Charles Darwin's reading of Malthus led him to wonder if the environment favoured certain
individuals.
Review: 1-3, 5,6,8-15, 32, 33, 33, 38, 45, 47, 48, 50 p 382
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a)
10. False. Most mutations are neutral.
11. False. Neutral mutations do play an important role in the evolution of a species.
12. False. All species exhibit genetic variation.
13. True.
14. True.
15. False. The conditions required for fossil formation happen rarely.
32. (a) (ii)
(b) (i)
(c) (iv)
(d) (iii)
33. (a) (iv)
(b) (iii)
(c) (ii)
(d) (v)
(e) (i)
45. Genetic drift is the random shifting of the genetic makeup of the next generation. This can happen
in very small populations when a particular allele becomes very common or disappears entirely.
47. Allopatric speciation means that an original species becomes separated into two geographically
isolated populations. Once populations are physically separated, they can no longer exchange
genetic information, including beneficial mutations.
48. Sympatric speciation occurs when individuals within a population become genetically isolated
from the larger population. Human beings can cause this to occur by introducing a new species
into an ecosystem, for example. After the introduction of apple trees to North America from
Europe, hawthorn flies evolved into two distinct populations.
50. Macroevolution is the study of large-scale evolutionary changes, including the formation of new
species and new taxa. Mass extinction, gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium are some of the
processes of interest to scientists who study macroevolution
Chapter 7: #1-3, 5-7, 9-11, 15, 17, 18, 32, 34-37, 39, 45, 46, 48, 53, 56, 57-59 pg. 318-323
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b)
15.
(a) (ii), (v)
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c)
9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c)
15 (b) (i), (iii), (iv)
17. On remote, isolated islands animals do not seem to fear humans. Birds land on people’s heads, iguanas
allow themselves to be picked up, and sea lions allow people to get close. A possible reason is that these
animals have not yet learned to fear humans and do not see humans as predators.
18. Scientific theories must explain observed data, must have predictive powers, and must be testable.
32. It is rare to find fossils that include soft body parts such as organs because these often decompose too
quickly to fossilize
34. (a) The species Darwin observed in the Galapagos bore a striking resemblance to species in South America.
(b) Darwin thought his finch specimens represented varieties of different species.
(c) No
(d) No.
35. (a) True.
(b) True.
(c) False. Rats and lemurs are the only native mammals.
(d) True.
36. When introduced, mammals such as goats and cats have not only survived on these islands, they have
thrived, in many cases threatening the very existence of native species. Native species often do not have
defenses against the behaviors of these non-native species.
37. (a) Goosebumps may at one time have raised the hair on the skin, thereby increasing warmth. Lifting the
hair on the skin would also have made human ancestors look bigger and more menacing in the face of a
threat.
(b) No. Goosebumps do not serve a purpose for modern humans.
39. Theories of Evolution
Catastrophism
Earth has changed by the same processes in
the past as in the present.
Species, themselves, do not change over
time.
Over thousands of generations, an unlimited
variety of species may be created.
Floods and other events cause extinctions.
These species are replaced by a new set of
species.
“Fitness” refers to an organism’s ability to
achieve reproductive success.
Uniformitarianism
Natural selection
X
X
X
X
X
Natural laws are constant and eternal.
X
45.
Some gene mutations are beneficial in some circumstances but harmful in others. For people of African
descent who no longer live in areas where malaria is endemic, the harm associated with the sickle-cell
mutation can outweigh the benefit.
46. Artificial selection can lead to a reduction in genetic diversity in a population, and that loss of diversity can
make a population more vulnerable to disease. For example, a trait that breeders find attractive may make a
plant more attractive to pests or may be linked with structural flaws (such as hip problems in dogs).
48. “Selective advantage” means that the mutation gives an individual an advantage when competing for
resources (such as food, water, or shelter) or for mates. As a result, the individual is more likely to have the
opportunity to pass on its genes to more offspring.
53. Fossilized fecal remains can be used to identify the food sources of the animal that produced the remains.
Such an analysis would indicate whether the animal was a carnivore or a herbivore. The analysis would also
reveal a great deal about the environment the plants came from.
56. Producing large numbers of young means that some will likely survive even if most of them die before they
reach adulthood. In many cases, animals do not provide a lot of care to young produced in large numbers. Frogs
and turtles are examples. Having a smaller number of young allows for each one to be given more care, but it
also increases the risk of losing the opportunity to pass on genes if those young are killed, injured, or for
whatever reason do not reproduce.
57. The human and chicken embryos share gill slits and a short bony tail as homologous features.
59. Biogeography is the study of geographic patterns in the distribution of species. Studying these patterns helps
scientists determine whether species share a common ancestor and how far back in the ancestral tree that
common ancestor is located. Biogeography can also help scientists compare the ecosystems of remote island
chains, such as the Galapagos Islands and Hawaii.
Chapter 8: #1,2, 7, 17, 27, 28, 32, 33 pg. 372-375
1. (c)
2. (b)
7. (b)
17. The process of natural selection does not occur by chance because the environment favours certain
individuals.
27. A fossil or species intermediate in form between two other species in a direct line of descent is said to be in
transitional form.
28. Tiktaalik is a recently discovered fossil species that has many features of both fish and four-limbed land
vertebrates. It is significant because it is a transitional species.
32. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
(a) ability to reach vegetation on tall trees
(b) ability to outrun and catch prey
(c) ability to fit large prey into mouth
33. Genetic bottlenecks result in the evolution of a new species when they cause changes the frequencies of
alleles in a small, isolated population. This may occur as the result of founder effects. Genetic bottlenecks may
cause extinctions because they reduce the genetic variation of a species. This may cause the species to become
vulnerable to disease or environmental change.