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Chapter 21 B
Class Notes
BSC 2086 Fall 2010
___________________________ are immunoglobulins, the ______________________ portion of blood that
are proteins secreted by _________________________________, and capable of binding specifically with the
_________________________ detected by B cells.
Antibodies are a T-or Y-shaped monomer of ______________________ looping linked
_________________________________________________, with ______________ identical
____________________________ (H) chains and ________________ identical ____________________(L)
chains. The __________________________ (V) regions of each arm combine to form
_____________________ identical _________________________________________ sites.
(Slide #4) The constant (C) region of antibody stem determines what 3 things?
What class of antibody constitutes 75-80% of antibodies in plasma?
________________________ of antibodies result from the _________________________________ of gene
segments. The ________________________________________ regions of some genes increase antibody
variation through _____________________________. Each Plasma cell can switch the type of Heavy chain
produced, making an antibody of a __________________________________.
(Slide #12) Antibodies inactivate and tag antigens by forming ______________________________________
(immune) complexes. What are the 4 defensive mechanisms used by antibodies?
In __________________________ , antibodies __________________________________ on viruses or
bacterial toxins to ______________________ these antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells.
What is a major example of agglutination?
In ________________________________ soluble molecules are cross-linked by the antibodies.
The main antibody defense against cellular antigens is ______________________________________ and
activation, where several antibodies bind close together on a cellular _______________________, and
their complement-binding sites trigger ___________________________________ into the cell’s surface; this
triggers cell ____________________.
(Slide #17) What are 3 more functions of Complement Fixation?
A ________________________________antibody is a commercially prepared ____________________
antibody.
What are the 2 types of T cell receptors?
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(Slide #21) What are the 4 types of T cells and what are their functions?
(Slide #23) Targets of antibodies include:
T cells of the Cell-mediated response recognize and respond only to
_____________________________________________________________ displayed on the surface of body
cells. Their targets include:
(Slide #25) Activated T cells T cells must simultaneously recognize what 2 things?
What are the 2 types of MHC proteins and what cells display them?
_____________________________________ bind with the fragment of a protein that was synthesized in the
_____________________. This ____________________________________ antigen is a
__________________________________ in a normal cell; a ____________________________ in an infected
or abnormal cell. This informs cytotoxic T cells of the presence of _________________________________
hiding in cells. Cytotoxic T cells ignore displayed _______________________________________.
(Slide # 33) ___________________________________ bind with fragments of _______________________
antigens that have been engulfed and broken down in a ______________________________________ ; the
MHC II proteins are recognized by __________________________ cells.
(Slide #41) What cells present their antigens to T cells?
What are 2 steps to T
cell activation?
(Slide #43) ____________________________ cells are able to obtain other cells’ endogenous antigens by
___________________________ dying virus-infected or tumor cell. Dendritic cells then display the
endogenous antigens on _________________________________________________________.
______________________ binding stimulates the T cell, but _____________________________________ is
also required before Proliferation can occur.
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(Slide #47) _________________________________ requires T cell binding to additional surface receptors on
an APC. ____________________________ such as _________________________ 1 and 2 from APCs or T
cells trigger _________________________ and _________________________ of the activated T cell.
What causes anergy, and what 3 things happen when anergy occurs in T cells?
T cells that are activated and co-stimulated do what 5 things?
(Slide #53) _____________________________ Cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response
Once primed by presentation of the Antigen by an AP Cell, Helper T Cells _______________________
T and B cells, ______________________ T and B cell _____________________,
______________________________ macrophages and recruit other immune cells.
Without ____________________________ Cells there is __________ Immune response.
________________________________ stimulate B cells to divide more rapidly and begin antibody formation.
Most antigens require Helper T Cell _________________________________ to activate B cells.
(Slide #56) __________________________________cause Dendritic cells to express co-stimulatory molecules
required for _____________________________________ (=CD8 cell) activation.
(Slide #58) Cytotoxic T Cells directly _____________________________________ other cells.
What are 4 Targets of Cytotoxic T Cells?
(Slide #63) What are 3 signs recognized by Natural Killer Cells?
____________________________________________ are important in preventing
_____________________________ reactions.
Please describe the 4 Types of Organ Transplants:
(Slide #68) ___________________________________________________________ are congenital and
acquired conditions that cause immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally.
Describe SCID and how it is treated:
Hodgkins disease is cancer of what cells?
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(Slide #71) _________________________________________cripples the immune system by interfering with
the activity of _________________________ cells. It is characterized by severe weight loss, night sweats, and
swollen lymph nodes, and opportunistic infections occur, including pneumocystis _____________________
and ________________________________________,
What causes AIDS?
What are 4 ways AIDS is transmitted?
HIV destroys _____________________ cells, and ________________________ cell-mediated immunity.
The high _______________________________of AIDS causes its ____________________________ to drugs.
(Slide #75)
In ______________________________________________ diseases, the immune system loses
the ability to distinguish “self” from _________________________________, and it produces
___________________________ and Cytotoxic T cells that _______________________ the self’s body
tissues.
What are 7 examples of autoimmune diseases?
Name an immediate acute (type I) hypersensitivity condition (slide #79):
(Slide #81) _____________________________________________ is a systemic response to allergen that
directly enters the blood. Its treatment is _________________________. Systemic histamine release associated
with anaphylactic shock may cause what 4 things?
What is an example of subacute type II hyperintensity?
What is an example of subacute immune complex type III hyperintensity?
What is an example of Delayed type IV hyperintensity?
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