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Download Genetics Vocabulary
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Genetics Vocabulary Inherited trait — A characteristic that makes one person different from another. Eye color and height are traits. For every inherited trait, you have two genes, one from each parent. Cells — The microscopic, living building blocks from which every living thing is comprised. The human body is composed of over 75 trillion cells. Nucleus — A membrane-bound structure within a cell that contains the genetic information that the cell needs to grow and divide. Gene — A section of a chromosome, made up of DNA.A given gene provides the information that a cell needs to create a specific protein. Genetics — The scientific study of heredity, including the structure and function of genes. Heredity — The characteristics you get from your parents. Chromosomes — A rod-like structure of tightly coiled DNA found in the cell nucleus of plants and animals. Chromosomes are normally found in pairs; human beings typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Gregor Mendel — (1822–1884) The Austrian monk who bred pea plants and discovered in 1865 that traits are controlled by genes. His work became the basis for modern genetics and the study of heredity. Phenotype — Physical appearance of an organism (e.g. tall, short). Usually the appearance of the dominant gene, or the recessive if it is a purebred trait. Genotype — The genetic makeup of an organism. Dominant gene — A specific sequence of DNA that contains information which determines a given trait for an organism. Dominant traits, like brown eye color, overcome recessive traits, like blue eye color. Recessive gene — A specific sequence of DNA that only determines a given trait when found twice in a gene pair. Cross — Mating of two organisms. Purebred — Organism with identical genes for a trait. Hybrid — Organism with different genes for a trait. Reginald Punnett — (1875–1967) English geneticist who discovered some basic principles of genetics by studying poultry and sweet peas. Punnett square — A chart that shows all possible gene combinations in across of parents whose genes are known. Protein — A large complex molecule made up of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins perform a wide variety of activities in the cell. DNA — (deoxyribonucleic acid) A specialized molecule that contains the genetic information that allows characteristics to be passed from parents to offspring. The information contained in the DNA molecule provides a “blueprint,” or a set of codes, for building other molecules used by the cell. Meiosis — The process of cell division resulting in the formation of egg and sperm cells with half the amount of genetic material as other cells. Gamete — (egg, sperm) Specialized cell that contains half of the genetic information found in most cells. Mutation — A change in the genetic code of an organism. Some may be beneficial for an organism; others may be lethal, but the majority go unnoticed. Variations — Small differences in characteristics among animals of the same species, brought about by genetic mutations