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Transcript
Biology II Honors Chapter 11 Review 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 9 What are alleles? The traits Mendel studies in garden peas showed Computer simulations are sometimes used to demonstrate the outcome of monohybrid fruit fly crosses, where a student can run generation after generation of fruit flies with 100 offspring produced each generation, half male and half female, and a 3-to-1 phenotype ratio (or 75 to 25) in the F1 generation. Compared with real genetics results, The term based on the Greek root words for "different" and "balance" or "yoke" is The F1 offspring of a monohybrid cross would show the genotype(s) In a Mendelian monohybrid cross, which generation is always completely homozygous? Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 1/4 chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent, What are traits that is the result of, or is affected by, the interaction of more than one gene? When crossing a true-breeding red snapdragon glower with a true-breeding white flower of the same species, we secure all pink offspring. This would seem to support the pre-Mendel view that inheritance is a blending of parental traits. However, both Mendel and we know that "blending" of parental traits is not correct and that particles of inheritance are actually involved because 10 A classical example of epistasis is 11 Which of the following diseases is most prevalent in the Jewish community? 12 13 14 Phenylketonuria is If you had two guinea pigs of opposite sex, both homozygous, one black and one brown, but you didn't know which was the dominant characteristic, how could you be certain that the guinea pigs are truly homozygous? In pea plants, the gene for round seed (R) is dominant, and wrinkled seeds (r) are recessive. The endosperm of the pea is also either starchy, a dominant gene (S), or waxy (s). What can be said of a fully heterozygous (or dihybrid) cross? 15 In which kind of cross would you expect to find a ratio of 3:1 among the F 2 offspring? 16. Which disease results in deformed red blood cells, poor circulation, and anemia? 17 What is true according to Mendel's law of segregation? 18. If the parents are AO and BO genotypes for the ABO blood group, their children could include which of the following genotypes? 19. In which kind of cross would you expect to find two different kinds of ratios among the offspring, either 1:1 or 1:1:1:1? 20 The location on a chromosome where a particular gene is located is known as the: 21. Assume your parents have blood types A and B respectively, but you do not know if they are homozygous or heterozygous. At the next family reunion, you get out a notepad and draw a pedigree chart. Whose blood types would provide possible clues to your parents' genotypes? 22. The F2 offspring of a monohybrid cross would show the genotype(s) 23. Huntington disease is 24. "Phenotype" is based on the Greek root words for 25. In a pedigree chart, which is correct? 26. "Genotype" is based on the Greek root words for 27. A classical example of multiple alleles is 28. Of the following which is not an autosomal dominant disorder? 29. Which provides protection against malaria in the heterozygote? 30. If a human who is a tongue roller (T) and has unattached ear lobes (E) marries a person who cannot roll their tongue and has attached earlobes, could they produce an offspring that was also a nontongue roller with attached earlobes? What would be the genotype of the first parent? the second parent? 31. If individuals exhibiting a dominant phenotype are crossed and produce only offspring with the dominant phenotype, what would be the logical genotype of the parents? 32. The particulate theory of inheritance Biology II Honors Chapter 11 Review 33. 34. 35. 36. The offspring of a monohybrid testcross would show the genotype(s) What causes the effects of albinism? Which of the following crosses would always result in offspring that only display the dominant phenotype? Which type of inheritance results in continuous variation often a bell-shaped curve–because genes at many loci are involved? 37. An individual with blood type A marries an individual with blood type B. What blood types could their offspring exhibit? 38. A classical example of incomplete dominance is 39. Which of the following diseases is NOT inherited as an autosomal recessive? 40. If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the first parent? 41. As many as 60 % of people in malaria-infected regions of Africa have the sickle-cell allele, but only about 10% of the U.S. population of African ancestry carries the allele. Malaria remains a major disease in central Africa but has not been a serious problem in the U.S. for many generations. What is/are the reason(s) for the difference in the percentages and what is a reasonable statement about future percentages? 42. If a pea plant shows a recessive phenotype, 43. Explain the difference between multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance. 44. Explain what Mendel's law of segregation says and what it means. 45. Describe the cause and characteristics of cystic fibrosis and discuss the potential for repair of the defect through genetic engineering. 46. Explain pleiotropy and give an example. 47. Explain the statement "chance has no memory." How does it apply to inheritance? 48. Describe X-linked characteristics? 49. In humans, X-linked diseases include 50. Women with X-linked disorders always pass the genes for the disorder to ______, while men with X-linked disorders always pass the genes for the disorder to _______.