Download Atoms Molecules and Compounds - Parkway C-2

Atoms Molecules and
Compounds
• Matter is anything that takes up space and
has mass.
• Matter can come in four physical forms or
phases; solid, liquid gas and plasma.
• Matter is composed of Quarks, Leptons,
neutrinos
• Organic means it contains a carbon and
usually found in living organisms.
Inorganic is matter without a C.
• Atoms are the smallest units of an element that
still have its characteristics.
• Atoms are composed of 3 types of particles,
proton, neutron, electron
• Ions are atoms that have lost or gained
electrons, charged atoms
– Cation + charge
– Anion -charge
• Atomic number is the number of protons
• Atomic mass is the number of protons and
neutrons
• Isotope-atoms of the same element with a
different number of neutrons.
Atomic particles
Particle
Mass
Charge
Location
Proton
P
1
+1
Nucleus
Neutron
N
1
0
Nucleus
Electron
e-
0
-1
Cloud
Electron Orbital filling
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1s2
2s2
3s2
4s2
5s2
6s2
7s2
2p6
3p6
4p6
5p6
6p6
7p6
3d10
4d10
5d10
6d10
4f14
5f14
Chemistry
• Law of Conservation of Matter- matter cannot be created or
destroyed but may be transformed from one form into another
form.
• States of Matter-Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
• Mixture is when elements keep there own identity ex solution
• Type, single and double replacement (substitution), synthesis,
decomposition
• Chemical energy is stored in the bonds.
• Catalyst-speeds up a chemical reaction with out being used
up
• Chemical reaction where two materials are combined and
energy is exchanged and new material/s are formed.
– Reactants are what are originally combined
– Products are what is formed
– Yield sign tells you which way the reaction will normally
proceed. Lowest energy and highest enthalpy
Bonding
• Covalent Bond-Sharing bond to complete the
outer shell, usually resulting in a molecule
• Ionic Bond-is a bond that actually has a transfer
of electrons from one atom to another Making
ions with a specific crystalline lattice, is the
compound.
• Metallic Bond-the ability of a metallic compound
to bend, Sea of Electrons, that roll.
• Hydrogen bond- a bond that contains hydrogen,
• Van der waals Forces attractive forces between
atoms
Garnet
Fluorite
Beryl
Laboratory made Bismuth
Bauxite
Chem Quiz
• 1.How many protons, neutrons and
electrons does Ca45/20 have?
• 2.What is I 127/53, and I 126/53?
• 3.If a Na atom becomes an ion with a +1
charge explain what happened.
• 4.What is a sharing bond called?
• 5.Organic means…….
Chem Quiz
1.How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Ca45/20 have?
20Protons, 25 Neutrons, and 20 electrons
2.What is I 127/53, and I 126/53? Isotopes of Iodine
3.If a Na atom becomes an ion with a +1 charge explain what happened. The Na
atom has lost 1 electron (-1) and is now a positive ion(cation)
4.What is a sharing bond called? Covalent
5.Organic means living or containing a carbon
Acid and Base
• pH is the reciprocal log of the hydronium ion
concentration. Alkaline (7-14), acidic(1-7), 7 is neutral
• Alkalinity is how basic something is, Acidity is how acid
some thing is.
• Usually acid have a H3O+, or H+ (Hydronium) in the
cation and bases usually have an OH- (Hydroxide) in the
anion.
• Acids may be vinegar, Acetic acid, Sulfuric Acid
(H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Nitric Acid (HNO3)
• Bases are Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Lye, drain cleaner,
Magnesium hydroxide MgOH, Calcium hydroxide CaOH,
antacids
Chemical Energy
•
•
•
•
•
Energy is the ability to do work
Energy can be divided into two types.
Kinetic energy-1/2 mv2 is the energy of motion.
Potential Energy-mgh is the energy of position.
Activation Energy-Energy needed to start a
chemical reaction
• Law of Conservation of energy- Energy cannot
be created or destroyed but transformed.
Reactions
• Most reactions are reversible, but tend toward
lowest energy and greatest enthalpy (disorder).
• Reactants are the materials that are put together
• Products are the results of mixing chemically
active elements
• Reactants -> Products. Reactions can be
reversed, depending on conditions. If one of the
reactants is in limited supply that limits how
much or many of the product/s will be produced.
• To satisfy the Law of Conservation of Matter
what ever you put into a reaction you will get out.
Type of Reactions
• A. C6H12O6 -> 6H2O + 6CO2
• B. 6H2O + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6
• C. 2NaOH + Ca(C2H3O2) -> 2NaC2H3O2
+ Ca(OH)2
• ZnSO4 + Cu -> Zn + CuSO4
Organic Compounds
• Organisms use some elements in large
amounts some in trace amounts
• Organic compounds are composed of
chains or circles or elemental C. Organic
compounds form the materials that living
organisms are composed of
• The four major groups of organic
compounds are carbohydrates, protein,
lipids, and nucleic acids
Organic Compounds
• Lipids-Oil,fat: stored or reserve energy
and taste
• Carbohydrates-sugars, breads, cereals:
Energy everyday or immediate
• Protein-”Meat”, beans, nuts: repair,
maintenance, growth:
• Nucleic Acids-DNA,RNA, all cells has
nucleic acids: Heredity, codes for the
proper proteins to be produced.
Organic Compounds-containing
C or come from living things.
• C electron configuration is 1s2 2sp3, forms 4
covalent bonds. Carbon can form single, double
or triple bonds.
• Structural formula- rings, chains or combinations
can be formed. So many different ways carbon
can combine, stereoscopic isomers (mitten)
• Biosynthesis or Condensation-build up of
organic compounds. Making of Polymers, or
one large molecule from several smaller
molecules. Monomers form polymers
• Hydrolysis-splitting of molecules with water.
Converting polymers to monomers.
Biosynthesis and Condensation
• What elements are present in the
compounds?
• What are the building blocks or molecules
that make up the compounds?
• What compounds or molecules make up
the building blocks?
Proteins
• Examples are beef, pork, chicken, and fish muscle
• Composed of Amino Acids(19), CHOSPN and Fe
– Amine NH2
– Alkyl group R which is in the middle and is a variable
– Organic Acid –COOH
• Condensation
• Hydrolysis
• Sequence of AA shape thus determines the protein
characteristics
• Proteins are very species specific. Antibodies per
person varies as an example.
Protein, Enzymes(organic catalysts)
• Control specific reactions, controlling all of the
chemical reactions in our bodies
• How an enzyme works
– Substrates-substance that enzyme causes to react.
– Active site is the area on an enzyme that fits a certain
substrate
– Once reaction is finished, enzyme moves on
• Enzyme system-team of enzymes
• Coenzyme nonprotein enzyme
Fats and Lipids
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•
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•
More energy per mass, More bonds
Examples are oils, fats, waxes, butter
Composed of C,H, and O, insoluble in water
Formation- Condensation, Dehydration
Synthesis
– 3 fatty acids
– glycerol
• Decomposition-Hydrolysis (3 water + Fat -> 1
glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
• Saturated all single bonds, Unsaturated double
bonds
Trans Fats
•
•
•
•
Trans fat is the common name for unsaturated fat with trans-isomer (E-isomer) fatty acid(s).
Because the term refers to the configuration of a double carbon-carbon bond, trans fats are
sometimes monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, but never saturated.
Trans fats are not essential fatty acids; indeed, the consumption of trans fats increases the risk of
coronary heart disease12 by raising levels of "bad" LDL cholesterol and lowering levels of "good"
HDL cholesterol.3 Health authorities worldwide recommend that consumption of trans fat be
reduced to trace amounts. Trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils are more harmful than
naturally occurring oils.4 Some studies have shown natural trans fats in beef and dairy products
can have the opposite health effect and can actually be beneficial, e.g. lowering total and LDL
cholesterol and triglyceride levels.567
Unsaturated fat is a fat molecule containing one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.
Since the carbons are double-bonded to each other, there are fewer bonds connected to
hydrogen, so there are fewer hydrogen atoms, hence the name, 'unsaturated'. Cis and trans are
terms that refer to the arrangement of the two hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms
involved in a double bond. In the cis arrangement, the hydrogens are on the same side of the
double bond. In the trans arrangement, the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond.
The process of hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats, eliminating double bonds
and making them into partially or completely saturated fats. However, partial hydrogenation, if it is
chemical rather than enzymatic, converts a part of cis-isomers into trans-unsaturated fats instead
of hydrogenating them completely. Trans fats also occur naturally in a limited number of cases:
Vaccenyl and conjugated linoleyl (CLA) containing trans fats occur naturally in trace amounts in
meat and dairy products from ruminants, although the latter also constitutes a cis fat.
Carbohydrates
• Make up most of your diet, composed of CHO,
examples are sugar, starches, cellulose.
• Sugars are organized in plants as food
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–
–
–
–
Monosaccharide-simple sugar
Disaccharides-double sugar
Polysaccharides- starches
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
• Carbohydrates if not used are converted to fats
by the liver.
Nucleic Acids
• Gives instructions to the cell to make
proteins, heredity, these instructions are
passed on from generation to generation
• Composition Nucleotides
– 5 carbon sugar
• Deoxyribose (Ribose minus an Oxygen)
• Ribose
– Phosphoric acid
– Nitrogen base
• Pyrimadine- this is the single ring structure
• Purines- this is the double ring structure
• Types
– Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
– Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA, RNA
• DNA
• Linear, Double helix,
• Thymine,
Deoxyribose sugar
• 3 forms heredity,
Biologically the
Master Molecule of
Life
• Nucleus, or rings
• RNA
• Linear, Single side
ladder
• Urasil, Ribose sugar
• 4 forms involved in
making proteins
• Found in all parts of
the cell
Groups, Names
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•
•
Organic Acid(COOH)
Amine NH2
Alkyl R
Alcohol (COH)
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Protein
Protein
Amino Acid
Peptide Bond
Alkyl
Organic Acid
Amine
Lipids
Lipids
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Galactose
Polysaccharide
Starches
Monosaccharide
Fructose
Monosaccharide
Glucose
Disaccharide
Sucrose
Nucleic Acid
RNA, DNA
Phosphoric Acid
Nucleotide
Hydrogen Bonding
5 Carbon Sugar
Ribose, Deoxyribose
N- Base
Purine
Pyrimadeines
Organic Compounds
Compound Elements
Nucleic Acid
Fats, Lipids
Carbohydrates
Protein
Building
Blocks
Units that
Form Blocks
Organic Compounds
Compound Elements
Building
Blocks
Units that
Form Blocks
Nucleic Acid
CHO-N P
Nucleotides
5-C Sugar
Phosphoric A
N-base
Fats, Lipids
COH
Carbohydrates
COH
Monosaccharide
Protein
COH, P, S, Fe
Amino Acid
Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
Amine, Alkyl,
Organic Acid
Reactions
• Dehydration
Synthesis,
Condensation
• Building up of large
molecule with the
release of water as a
product.
• Hydrolysis
• Breaking apart of
large molecules, with
water as a reactant.
Chemistry Review
Organic Chemistry
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is that constant state of
balance where everything in the body is in
equilibrium.
• The cells are in a constant state of flux Or
change to maintain a balance.
• Everything increases in size and number.
Everything decreases in size and number.
Homeostasis
is added by
Cell transport
which includes
Passive transport
such as
Active transport
of substances
down their
Concentration
Gradient
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
Of substances
against their
Endocytosis
such as
Exocytosis
Which uses a
Carrier Protein
Sodium-Potassium
pump
Cell Membrane
• Why some things are not passed through
a membrane.
– Particle size
– Solubility
– Conditions inside and outside of the cell
– Charge, ions
Conditions
Environment Cell
Water
movement
Solute conc in the
environment is lower
Hypo
Hyper
Into cell
Hyper
Hypo
Out of cell
Isotonic
Isotonic
Balanced
than in the cell
Solute conc in the
the environment higher
than in cell
Solute and environment is
equal
Diffusion
• Diffusion is the gradual spreading out of molecules.
• Law of Diffusion substances diffuse form an area of
high concentration to areas of lower concentration.
• Diffusion through a membrane
– Nature of membrane
– Permeable membrane
• Solute-what you want dissolved
• Solvent-Universal solvent is water-what it is dissolved in
– Equilibrium diffusion pressure is zero
• Factors that affect the rate of diffusion
–
–
–
–
Temperature
Mechanical agitation
Greater concentration gradient
Pressure-from high to low
Osmosis- A Type of Diffusion
• Osmosis is the passage of water through a
selectively permeable membrane from an
area of high concentration to an are of lower
concentration
• A type of passive transport no cell energy is
expended
– Concentration gradient is a difference in
concentrations of a material across a
space(Percal)
• Osmosis and plant cells (osmotic system 2
solutions between a membrane)
– Hypotonic-more water on the inside than on the
outside. Greater concentration of water molecules
inside than outside the cell, water moves outside
the cell. Cell crenate.
– Turgor pressure water in the cytoplasm pushes
against the cell wall of the plant. This allows soft
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Animal
Water
Problems
Animal cells have no cell wall to contain an
increase in water molecules, they simply split
or go through cytolysis.
One celled organisms have real problems,
keeping up with the the constant influx of
water. Contractile vacuole constantly pumps
out the water.
Fish, and other aquatic organisms remove
excess water in the gills, and urine.
Kidney, Lungs and sweat glands remove
excess water.
Nature-H2O contains impurities, minerals
– Lowers the concentration of H2O molecules
– One celled animals burst in distilled H2O(100 % H2O), Contractile
vacuole cannot keep up with H2O diffusing in
– Blood Same-Hemolysis in Distilled H2O, Crenate in salt water
Plasmolysis
• Plasmolysis is when the cell splits and
loses turgor pressure
Isotonic, Hyertonic
• Isotonic is when the passage of water is in
equilibrium
• Hypertonic higher water molecule
concentration outside than inside of the
cell. Water moves into the cell, lyses
Diffusion of Ions
• Acid, mineral, salt, base ionic solution is
formed
• Ions do not pass, membrane may be
charged
– Hydrophilic-water loving, water attracting
from the surface of the cell membrane
– Hydrophobic-water scared. Water is
repelled from the surface of the material
Active Transport (carrier
molecules)
• Cell energy is used, so the cell membrane becomes
more or less permeable depending on the situation.
• Root cells absorb mineral ions from the soil solution
with a lower ion concentration
• Algae, Iodine conc 1000x greater than saltwater
• Grated channel-Protein controlled passage that allows
the cell to be permeated as needed. Material cell to
cell
• Sodium Potassium pump. Sodium is moved out and
Potassium is moved in. Works against a gradient
• Carrier molecule that transports material through the
membrane
Large Molecules
• Pinocytosis-cell drinking, water vacuoles
• Amino acids and fats
• Exocytosis-Large molecules exiting the
cell
• Endocytosis-large molecules entering the
cell
– Phagocytosis-engulfing
– Vesicle forms as a result