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Biology CPC Final Exam Review June 2012
This review sheet provides you with the concepts, vocabulary and techniques we have covered since
September. Please use this as a reference to make your study guide. All information on this review sheet
can be found in your class notes, labs or handouts.
Do not wait until the last minute to review and study for the exam. It is a lot of information!! Extra help for
the final exam should be scheduled with me in advance to ensure that I am available.
The Scientific Method – Chapter 1
 Know the steps scientists follow when using the scientific method
 Hypothesis vs. a theory
 Write a hypothesis as an “If…….then…… “ statement.
Graphs- You’ve done several of these labs this year; check your lab notebook. Text pages 1060-61
 Be able to read and organize data in a data table.
 Draw a line, bar or circle/pie graph.
 Properly set up and label the x and y axis.
 Independent vs. dependent variable; which axis do they represent.
 Know how to title a graph.
Basic Chemistry- Chapter 3
 Steps of a chemical reaction; identify the reactants and the products.
 Subatomic particles - Proton, neutron, electron; know the charge & their location in the atom.
 Ion vs. isotope
 Atom vs. element vs. compound
 Ionic bond vs. covalent bond vs. hydrogen bond
 atomic number, mass number
 Examples of acid vs. base vs. neutral substance
 pH scale/range for acids, bases & neutral substances
Biological Molecules/Organic Molecules – Chapter 3
 organic compounds vs. inorganic compounds
 polar molecules vs. non-polar molecules & examples of each
 cohesion vs. adhesion; capillary action
 Hydrolysis vs. dehydration reactions
 4 classes of organic macromolecules: functions, elements each contains, monomer/polymer of each
o Carbohydrates – provides cells with energy; used for cellular respiration
 Monomers = monosaccharides such as glucose
 Monosaccharides – glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
 Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose, maltose
 Polysaccharides – glycogen, cellulose, chitin, starch
o Lipids – store energy; form cell membranes (phospholipids)
 Examples of fats, oils, waxes, & steroids
 Monomers/building blocks = glycerol + 3 fatty acids
o Proteins – form cell membranes, build muscle, enzymes are special proteins that cause chemical
reactions to occur; form chromosomes
 Monomers = 20 amino acids
 How many different amino acids are there?
 Bonds that join amino acids together.
 Dipeptide vs. polypeptide
o
Nucleic Acids = carry hereditary information & help form proteins
 Monomers - nucleotides
 2 types of nucleic acids = DNA & RNA
 Function of DNA
 Function of RNA – messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA
 Location of DNA in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
 Location of RNA in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Enzymes – Chapter 3
 Enzyme as a biological catalyst; what is their function?
 To what group of organic molecules do enzymes belong?
 Monomers of enzymes.
 Enzyme vs. Substrate
 Function of the active site on an enzyme?
 lock and key model vs. induced fit model
 Denaturation – destruction of an enzyme. Can be caused by change in pH, high or low temperatures, high
salt concentrations.
Cellular Structure and Function – Chapter 7
 Organelle structure & function
 Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
 Plant vs. animal cell structure
Cell Transport – Chapter 8
 membrane structure& function; fluid-mosaic model; phospholipid bi-layer
 selective permeability
 hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
 active vs. passive transport
o osmosis/diffusion/facilitated diffusion – passive transport
o Sodium-potassium pump/endocytosis/exocytosis – active transport
 Effect of solutions on cells: hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic (remember the Elodea cell lab)
The Microscope – Done as a lab & text pages 1054 - 55
 Function of microscope parts
 Preparation of a wet-mount slide
 Calculating total magnification
Respiration and Photosynthesis – Chapter 9
 Significance of ATP; ATP/ADP cycle
 Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
 Equation for cellular respiration
o Glycolysis/Krebs/Electron Transport Chain (E.T.C.) – where does each occur in a cell.
o Lactic acid v. Alcoholic fermentation
 Light dependent vs. Light independent Reactions (aka: Calvin-Benson Cycle); where in the chloroplast do
they occur & when?
 Mitochondrial & chloroplast structure with respect to events of respiration/photosynthesis
Cell Cycle (Mitosis & Meiosis) – Chapter 10 & 11
 Events of the cell cycle: [Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis & Cytokinesis)]
 Significance of surface area to volume ratio; amount of cell membrane vs. cytoplasm
 Is it better to be a large cell or a small cell? Explain in terms of taking in food, water & oxygen and releasing
waste, carbon dioxide and excess water.
 Mitosis vs. cytokinesis
o Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
o Plant (cell plate) vs. animal cell (cleavage furrow) cytokinesis; how does it occur?
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Mitosis vs. meiosis
o Haploid (n) vs. diploid (2n) chromosome number.
o Somatic cells vs. sex cells (aka: gametes, sperm, egg, pollen); which are haploid & which are diploid?
o Crossing over, synapsis & tetrad formation; in which stage does it occur? In which process; mitosis
or meiosis?
o Identify 4 causes of genetic variation.
o Asexual vs. sexual reproduction
Chromosome structure: sister chromatids
Basic Genetics– Chapter 12
 Mendel’s principles: dominance, segregation, independent assortment
 Dominant vs. Recessive; Heterozygous v. homozygous; genotype v. phenotype; trait vs. gene/allele
 Monohybrid crosses; be able to do them.
 Complex patterns of inheritance: incomplete & co-dominance, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, sex-linkage;
know examples of each.
 Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes
 Blood types and their alleles
Molecular Genetics: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis – Chapter13
 Structure of a nucleotide
 Structure of DNA; base-pairing (which nitrogen bases pair up with one another)
 DNA replication – know the steps
 Central dogma: DNA  RNA  Protein
 DNA vs. RNA; how do they differ?
 Transcription & Translation/Protein Synthesis
o In which process does DNA form RNA; passes code for the protein from DNA to mRNA
o In which process does the ribosome read the mRNA code & build a protein from amino acids?
o mRNA vs. rRNA vs. tRNA; the role of each in translation/protein synthesis
o codon (aka: triplet codon) vs. anticodon; which is on the mRNA & which is on the tRNA?
o genetic code chart with codons & amino acids; know how to read the chart
Genes in Action – Chapter 14(ONLY SECTION ONE)
 Causes & effects of mutations.
 Different DNA mutations
 Different chromosome mutations
 Mutations on sperm & egg cells are passed on to offspring; mutations in somatic/body cells do NOT get
passed on to your offspring.
 How does cancer develop?
 Nondisjunction, polyploidy
Evolutionary Theory – Chapter 16
 Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection.
 4 “steps” of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
 Evidence for evolution through natural selection
o Fossils
o Biogeography
o Embryos of various organisms look alike in early stages of development.
o Anatomy – homologous organs (wing, arm, whale flipper, front leg of any mammal all have same
bone structure)
o Biochemical Similarity – Similar DNA code, similar hemoglobin indicates close relationship &
common ancestor
Classification – Chapter 18
 What is taxonomy?
 Why classify organisms?
 Linnaean system of classification – binomial nomenclature: 2 word naming system developed by Linnaeus.
 Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
 Why use Latin? “Dead” language; doesn’t change & all scientists use it.
 Know characteristics of each of the 3 Domains & the 6 Kingdoms. Examples of organisms in each.
History of Life on Earth – Chapter 19
 How did life on Earth begin? Oparin’s hypothesis.
 Miller-Urey experiment tests Oparin’s hypothesis. What organic molecules does it produce?
 3 hypotheses for how life on Earth might have started.
Prokaryotes & Viruses – Chapter20
 Miller’s experiment & what it showed.
 How & where might life on Earth have begun?
 Difference between Archea and Bacteria
 Anatomy of a bacterial cell
 3 bacterial cell shapes
 How bacteria reproduce by binary fission; asexual or sexual
 Genetic variation through transformation, conjugation & transduction
 When & how do bacteria form endospores?
 How bacteria obtain nutrients
 Importance of cyanobacteria
 Function of bacteria in the biosphere
 Bacterial diseases - examples
 How antibiotics kill bacteria
 Basic structure of a virus; what 2 organic molecules are they made of?
 Are viruses living or nonliving; explain
 Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses
 Viral reproduction; lytic & lysogenic cycles
 Viral diseases - examples
 What is a vaccine & how do they work?
Ecology – Chapters 4 - 6
 Review how primary & secondary succession occur
 Review the various land & aquatic biomes; what 2 key factors determine the types of land biomes
 Food chains & food webs
 Role of herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores/scavengers & decomposers
 10% Rule – How much energy in the food organisms consume gets passed on to the next trophic level
 Energy Pyramid; be able to read information from an energy pyramid or set one up
 The Biogeochemical Cycles: Water, Carbon Dioxide & Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
 Causes & effects of acid rain
 Long-term consequences of breakdown of the ozone layer
 How burning of fossil fuels has changed the atmosphere
 Relationship between the greenhouse effect & global warming
 Effects of humans on the environment
 Logistic vs. exponential growth; carrying capacity
 Biotic vs. abiotic factors
 Relationships; predator-prey, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism