* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Name:
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Biology CPC Final Exam Review June 2012 This review sheet provides you with the concepts, vocabulary and techniques we have covered since September. Please use this as a reference to make your study guide. All information on this review sheet can be found in your class notes, labs or handouts. Do not wait until the last minute to review and study for the exam. It is a lot of information!! Extra help for the final exam should be scheduled with me in advance to ensure that I am available. The Scientific Method – Chapter 1 Know the steps scientists follow when using the scientific method Hypothesis vs. a theory Write a hypothesis as an “If…….then…… “ statement. Graphs- You’ve done several of these labs this year; check your lab notebook. Text pages 1060-61 Be able to read and organize data in a data table. Draw a line, bar or circle/pie graph. Properly set up and label the x and y axis. Independent vs. dependent variable; which axis do they represent. Know how to title a graph. Basic Chemistry- Chapter 3 Steps of a chemical reaction; identify the reactants and the products. Subatomic particles - Proton, neutron, electron; know the charge & their location in the atom. Ion vs. isotope Atom vs. element vs. compound Ionic bond vs. covalent bond vs. hydrogen bond atomic number, mass number Examples of acid vs. base vs. neutral substance pH scale/range for acids, bases & neutral substances Biological Molecules/Organic Molecules – Chapter 3 organic compounds vs. inorganic compounds polar molecules vs. non-polar molecules & examples of each cohesion vs. adhesion; capillary action Hydrolysis vs. dehydration reactions 4 classes of organic macromolecules: functions, elements each contains, monomer/polymer of each o Carbohydrates – provides cells with energy; used for cellular respiration Monomers = monosaccharides such as glucose Monosaccharides – glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides – glycogen, cellulose, chitin, starch o Lipids – store energy; form cell membranes (phospholipids) Examples of fats, oils, waxes, & steroids Monomers/building blocks = glycerol + 3 fatty acids o Proteins – form cell membranes, build muscle, enzymes are special proteins that cause chemical reactions to occur; form chromosomes Monomers = 20 amino acids How many different amino acids are there? Bonds that join amino acids together. Dipeptide vs. polypeptide o Nucleic Acids = carry hereditary information & help form proteins Monomers - nucleotides 2 types of nucleic acids = DNA & RNA Function of DNA Function of RNA – messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA Location of DNA in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Location of RNA in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Enzymes – Chapter 3 Enzyme as a biological catalyst; what is their function? To what group of organic molecules do enzymes belong? Monomers of enzymes. Enzyme vs. Substrate Function of the active site on an enzyme? lock and key model vs. induced fit model Denaturation – destruction of an enzyme. Can be caused by change in pH, high or low temperatures, high salt concentrations. Cellular Structure and Function – Chapter 7 Organelle structure & function Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Plant vs. animal cell structure Cell Transport – Chapter 8 membrane structure& function; fluid-mosaic model; phospholipid bi-layer selective permeability hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic active vs. passive transport o osmosis/diffusion/facilitated diffusion – passive transport o Sodium-potassium pump/endocytosis/exocytosis – active transport Effect of solutions on cells: hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic (remember the Elodea cell lab) The Microscope – Done as a lab & text pages 1054 - 55 Function of microscope parts Preparation of a wet-mount slide Calculating total magnification Respiration and Photosynthesis – Chapter 9 Significance of ATP; ATP/ADP cycle Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration Equation for cellular respiration o Glycolysis/Krebs/Electron Transport Chain (E.T.C.) – where does each occur in a cell. o Lactic acid v. Alcoholic fermentation Light dependent vs. Light independent Reactions (aka: Calvin-Benson Cycle); where in the chloroplast do they occur & when? Mitochondrial & chloroplast structure with respect to events of respiration/photosynthesis Cell Cycle (Mitosis & Meiosis) – Chapter 10 & 11 Events of the cell cycle: [Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis & Cytokinesis)] Significance of surface area to volume ratio; amount of cell membrane vs. cytoplasm Is it better to be a large cell or a small cell? Explain in terms of taking in food, water & oxygen and releasing waste, carbon dioxide and excess water. Mitosis vs. cytokinesis o Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase o Plant (cell plate) vs. animal cell (cleavage furrow) cytokinesis; how does it occur? Mitosis vs. meiosis o Haploid (n) vs. diploid (2n) chromosome number. o Somatic cells vs. sex cells (aka: gametes, sperm, egg, pollen); which are haploid & which are diploid? o Crossing over, synapsis & tetrad formation; in which stage does it occur? In which process; mitosis or meiosis? o Identify 4 causes of genetic variation. o Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Chromosome structure: sister chromatids Basic Genetics– Chapter 12 Mendel’s principles: dominance, segregation, independent assortment Dominant vs. Recessive; Heterozygous v. homozygous; genotype v. phenotype; trait vs. gene/allele Monohybrid crosses; be able to do them. Complex patterns of inheritance: incomplete & co-dominance, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, sex-linkage; know examples of each. Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes Blood types and their alleles Molecular Genetics: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis – Chapter13 Structure of a nucleotide Structure of DNA; base-pairing (which nitrogen bases pair up with one another) DNA replication – know the steps Central dogma: DNA RNA Protein DNA vs. RNA; how do they differ? Transcription & Translation/Protein Synthesis o In which process does DNA form RNA; passes code for the protein from DNA to mRNA o In which process does the ribosome read the mRNA code & build a protein from amino acids? o mRNA vs. rRNA vs. tRNA; the role of each in translation/protein synthesis o codon (aka: triplet codon) vs. anticodon; which is on the mRNA & which is on the tRNA? o genetic code chart with codons & amino acids; know how to read the chart Genes in Action – Chapter 14(ONLY SECTION ONE) Causes & effects of mutations. Different DNA mutations Different chromosome mutations Mutations on sperm & egg cells are passed on to offspring; mutations in somatic/body cells do NOT get passed on to your offspring. How does cancer develop? Nondisjunction, polyploidy Evolutionary Theory – Chapter 16 Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection. 4 “steps” of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Evidence for evolution through natural selection o Fossils o Biogeography o Embryos of various organisms look alike in early stages of development. o Anatomy – homologous organs (wing, arm, whale flipper, front leg of any mammal all have same bone structure) o Biochemical Similarity – Similar DNA code, similar hemoglobin indicates close relationship & common ancestor Classification – Chapter 18 What is taxonomy? Why classify organisms? Linnaean system of classification – binomial nomenclature: 2 word naming system developed by Linnaeus. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Why use Latin? “Dead” language; doesn’t change & all scientists use it. Know characteristics of each of the 3 Domains & the 6 Kingdoms. Examples of organisms in each. History of Life on Earth – Chapter 19 How did life on Earth begin? Oparin’s hypothesis. Miller-Urey experiment tests Oparin’s hypothesis. What organic molecules does it produce? 3 hypotheses for how life on Earth might have started. Prokaryotes & Viruses – Chapter20 Miller’s experiment & what it showed. How & where might life on Earth have begun? Difference between Archea and Bacteria Anatomy of a bacterial cell 3 bacterial cell shapes How bacteria reproduce by binary fission; asexual or sexual Genetic variation through transformation, conjugation & transduction When & how do bacteria form endospores? How bacteria obtain nutrients Importance of cyanobacteria Function of bacteria in the biosphere Bacterial diseases - examples How antibiotics kill bacteria Basic structure of a virus; what 2 organic molecules are they made of? Are viruses living or nonliving; explain Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses Viral reproduction; lytic & lysogenic cycles Viral diseases - examples What is a vaccine & how do they work? Ecology – Chapters 4 - 6 Review how primary & secondary succession occur Review the various land & aquatic biomes; what 2 key factors determine the types of land biomes Food chains & food webs Role of herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores/scavengers & decomposers 10% Rule – How much energy in the food organisms consume gets passed on to the next trophic level Energy Pyramid; be able to read information from an energy pyramid or set one up The Biogeochemical Cycles: Water, Carbon Dioxide & Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Causes & effects of acid rain Long-term consequences of breakdown of the ozone layer How burning of fossil fuels has changed the atmosphere Relationship between the greenhouse effect & global warming Effects of humans on the environment Logistic vs. exponential growth; carrying capacity Biotic vs. abiotic factors Relationships; predator-prey, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism