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SAS- From the Crusades to New Muslim Empires: U2C11, Part 1 of 3 (Pages 119-122)
Anatolia crusades Palestine Pope Urban II heretic Seljuks The First Crusade
11.1- Introduction
In chapter 10, you learned about Muslim contributions to world
civilization. In this chapter, you will learn about the crusades, a series of
religious wars started against Muslims by European Christians. Christians
started many crusades between 1096 and 1291. A major purpose of the
crusades was to gain control of Palestine. This area between Egypt and Syria
was the ancient homeland of Jews and the place where Jesus had lived.
Christians called it the Holy Land. The spiritual heart of Palestine was the city
of Jerusalem was. As you will learn, Jerusalem was important to Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
Changes Over Time: Is Jerusalem still important today? How do you know?_______________
In the 11th century, Palestine came under the rule of a rising Muslim power, the Seljuk
Turks. The Seljuks were building a huge empire. Their growing strength alarmed the Byzantine
emperor in Constantinople. In 1095, the emperor asked Pope Urban II for help. The pope asked
Christians to go on a crusade, or religious war, to turn back the Seljuks and win back control of
the Holy Land.
Unanswered Questions: What questions would you ask Pope Urban II if you could?
The next year, armies of crusaders left Europe. A series of wars began in which Christians fought
against Muslims over Palestine and nearby lands. Muslims were not the only targets of these religious wars.
Crusaders also started violent wars against Jews and other Christians who were considered heretics1.
Crusades took place in Europe and North Africa as well as the Middle East. In this chapter, you will read the
story of the crusades. You will explore the impact of these wars on Christians. , Muslims, and Jews. You’ll also
learn how new Muslim empires arose after the crusades and how Islam continued to spread to new parts of
the world.
11.2- Events Leading Up to the Crusades
Why did Europeans begin going on crusades? To answer this
question, we must see what was going on in Muslim lands at this time.
During the 11th century (1001 to 1100), the Seljuk Turks established a new
Muslim dynasty. They were Central Asian people whose leader converted to
Islam. The Seljuks took control of the Abbasid capital of Baghdad and Syria
Anatolia and the Seljuk Empire
along with Palestine from the Fatimid dynasty. They also took over Anatolia
(Asia Minor) which was part of the Byzantine Empire. They even defeated the Byzantines in 1071 in battle in
present day Turkey. The Seljuks’ growing power threatened the Byzantines. The also worried that the Seljuks
would take the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem.
Jerusalem was and important and sacred city to Jews, Muslims, and Christians. They all made
pilgrimages to the Holy City. As Jerusalem came under Muslim control people of all three religions usually
lived peacefully from time to time. Occasionally, some Muslims leaders would destroy Christian churches.
When the Seljuks took over Jerusalem, traveling became even more dangerous for Christian pilgrims. Stories
of robbers attacking Christians began to spread in Europe. Christians feared they would no longer be able to
visit Jerusalem. Together with the concern over the Seljuk threat to Christian lands, this fear helped start the
crusades.
Ethics: Were the crusades ethical? ________________________________________________________
1
A heretic is a person that does not believe in or practice the same form of a religion as most people.
11.3- The Story of the Crusades
The crusades began
as a response to the threat
posed by the Seljuks. By
1095, the Seljuks were only
100 miles away from the
Byzantine capital of
Constantinople. The
emperor asked Pope Urban
II for help. The Pope called
nobles and church leaders to
a special meeting in France.
He promised them that they
would go to heaven in they
would go fight the Muslim
Seljuks. Many nobles
quickly organized armies to fight in the Holy Land. In addition to knights, regular people like craftsmen and
peasants also joined the crusade. The main reason many joined the crusade was religion, but others went to
earn money through trade and to gain property in the Holy Land.
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
During the first crusade almost 30,000 people traveled to Palestine to
regain the Holy Land. In June 1098, the crusaders surrounded the city of
Antioch in Syria. After nine months of trying to get into the city, a traitor let
the crusaders in and the city was captured by them. The next June, the
crusaders surrounded Jerusalem and conquered the defending Muslims in
1099. Muslims and Jews were slaughtered. The survivors were sold as slaves.
After, many crusaders went home, but others stayed and established four kingdoms.
Ethics: Were the crusades ethical? ________________________________________________________
The Second Crusade (1146-1148)
Much of the crusaders good fortunes can be attributed to the Muslims lack of unity. Muslims had
trouble joining together to fight the invaders. As Muslims started to join forces, they fought back effectively
and even recaptured Edessa, one of the Crusader Kingdoms. Christians then responded with the Second
Crusade. The Second Crusade ended in failure. An army from Germany was badly beaten in Anatolia. A
second army, led by the King of France arrived in Jerusalem in 1148. About 50,000 crusaders marched on the
city of Damascus, which was on the way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came to help Edessa and beat back
the Second Crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the French army went home ending the Second Crusade.
Patterns: What pattern are you noticing within the crusades? _________________________________
In your own words, write down the meaning of the words below:
Anatolia:_________________________________________________________________________
crusades:__________________________________________________________________________
Palestine:__________________________________________________________________________
Pope Urban II:______________________________________________________________________
heretic:____________________________________________________________________________
Seljuks:____________________________________________________________________________
The First Crusade:___________________________________________________________________