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From the Crusades to New Muslim Empires: U2C11, Part 1 of 3 (Pages 119-122)-ELD
crusades Palestine Pope Urban II heretic Seljuks
11.1- Introduction
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In this chapter, you will
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learn about the crusades, a
series of religious wars started against Muslims by
European Christians. Christians started many
crusades between 1096 and 1291. A major
purpose of the crusades was to gain control of
Palestine. This area between Egypt and Syria was
the ancient homeland of Jews and the place where Jesus had lived. Christians
called it the Holy Land. The spiritual heart of Palestine was the city of Jerusalem.
As you will learn, Jerusalem was important to Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
In the 11th century, Palestine came under the rule of a rising Muslim power,
the Seljuk Turks. The Seljuks were building a huge empire. Their growing strength
alarmed the Byzantine emperor in Constantinople. In 1095, the emperor asked
Pope Urban II for help. The pope asked Christians to go on a crusade, or religious
war, to turn back the Seljuks and win back control of the Holy Land.
Unanswered Questions: What questions would ask Pope Urban II if you could?
I would ask Pope Urban II
The next year, armies of crusaders left Europe. A series of wars began in
which Christians fought against Muslims over Palestine and nearby lands. Muslims
were not the only targets of these religious wars. Crusaders also started violent
wars against Jews and other Christians who were considered heretics1.
11.2- Events Leading Up to the Crusades
Why did Europeans begin going on crusades? To answer this question, we
must see what was going on in Muslim lands at this time. During the 11th century
(1001 to 1100), the Seljuk Turks established a new Muslim dynasty. They were
Central Asian people whose leader converted to Islam.
Jerusalem was and important and sacred city to Jews, Muslims, and
Christians. They all made pilgrimages to the Holy City. Occasionally, some
Muslims leaders would destroy Christian churches. When the Seljuks took over
Jerusalem, traveling became even more dangerous for Christian pilgrims. Stories
of robbers attacking Christians began to spread in Europe. Christians feared they
1
A heretic is a person that does not believe in or practice the same form of a religion as most people.
would no longer be able to visit Jerusalem. Together with the concern over the
Seljuk threat to Christian lands, this fear helped start the crusades.
11.3- The Story of the Crusades
The crusades began as a response to the
threat posed by the Seljuks. By 1095, the Seljuks
were only 100 miles away from the Byzantine
capital of Constantinople. The emperor asked
Pope Urban II for help. The Pope called nobles
and church leaders to a special meeting in
France. He promised them that they would go to heaven in they would go fight
the Muslim Seljuks. Many nobles quickly organized armies to fight in the Holy
Land. In addition to knights, regular people like craftsmen and peasants also
joined the crusade. The main reason many joined the crusade was religion, but
others went to earn money through trade and to gain property in the Holy Land.
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
During the first crusade almost 30,000 people traveled to Palestine to regain
the Holy Land. In June 1098, the crusaders surrounded the city of Antioch in Syria.
After nine months of trying to get into the city, a traitor let the crusaders in and
the city was captured by them. The next June, the crusaders surrounded
Jerusalem and conquered the defending Muslims in 1099.
The Second Crusade (1146-1148)
Much of the crusaders good fortunes can be attributed to the Muslims lack
of unity. Muslims had trouble joining together to fight the invaders. As Muslims
started to join forces, they fought back effectively and even recaptured Edessa,
one of the Crusader Kingdoms. Christians then responded with the Second
Crusade. The Second Crusade ended in failure. An army from Germany was badly
beaten in Anatolia. A second army, led by the King of France arrived in Jerusalem
in 1148. About 50,000 crusaders marched on the city of Damascus, which was on
the way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came to help Edessa and beat back the
Second Crusaders.
Patterns: What do the Crusaders want? The Crusaders want_______________________
In your own words, write down the meaning of the words below:
crusades:__________________________________________________________________________________
Palestine:__________________________________________________________________________________
Pope Urban II:______________________________________________________________________________
heretic:____________________________________________________________________________________
Seljuks:____________________________________________________________________________________