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Outline of Topics—Mendelian Genetics Chapter 10 and 12.3 This is an OUTLINE for you to use while you are doing your homework reading. 10.1 Genetics Developed from Curiosity about Inheritance Key Terms: Trait Genetics Cross-fertilization What is the Blending Hypothesis of Inheritance? Who is Gregor Mendel? What was Mendel’s hypothesis on how traits were inherited? How did Mendel test his hypothesis? 10.2 Mendel Discovered hat Inheritance follows rules of Chance Key Terms: Hybrid Monohybrid cross Allele Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Punnett Square Phenotype Genotype Testcross Dihybrid cross What are the differences between the following: P generation F1 generation F2 generation What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation? How does Mendel’s Law of segregation relate to the Punnett Square? In your own words what are the 4 hypotheses that Mendel derived? 1. 2. 3. 4. Probability and Punnett Squares What is the probability of getting a T from a parent that has Tt? How about TT? Or tt? If you have a parent that is Tt and you mate it with a parent that is Tt show MATHEMATICALLY he probability of getting tt. Now back that up using a Punnett square. Genotype vs Phenotype What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Give an example of each. Explain how two plants can have the same phenotype but different genotypes. The Test Cross What is a test cross and WHY would someone do one? If you had a flower with an unknown genotype how can you test to see if it is heterozygous or homozygous? Use a Punnett square to demonstrate your answer. Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment Define Independent assortment. What are the possible GAMETES of a parent that has the genotype TTRR? TtRR? TtRr? How could you use a dihybrid cross to determine the possible offspring of parents that are TtRr and TtRr. (Use a Punnett Square to help you) What are the possible GENOTYPES and Phenotypes form this cross? How can you use MATH to determine the PROBABILITY of each Phenotype? Concept 10.3 There are many Variations of Inheritance Patterns Key terms: Intermediate Inheritance Codominance Polygenic inheritance. Define and give an example of each of the three types of variations to Mendel’s ideas of dominance. What are some key factors that the environment plays in an individual’s Phenotype? Give an example. 10.4 Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Principles Key Terms: Chromosome theory of inheritance Gene locus Genetic linkage Explain how the Chromosome theory of inheritance can be used to explain Mendel’s two theories Segregation and Independent assortment. (You may draw a diagram to help with your explanation). Explain how the distance between two gene loci ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME affects genetic linkage Mendel considered ALL genes to be independent of each other but we know that that is not always the case. When would two different genes NOT Assort independently? 10.5 Sex-Linked traits have unique inheritance patterns Key terms: Sex-linked genes You learned that many species have X and y chromosomes to determine gender. Because the male only receives one and one y and the female does not have any y chromosomes this presents a unique inheritance pattern for genes carried on these chromosomes. What is a sex-linked trait? How is the inheritance pattern of X linked traits different than traits on autosomal (nonsex) chromosomes? Give an example of sex linked traits in fruit flies. How is that trait inherited? Section 12.3 Mendel’s Principles Apply to Humans Key terms: Pedigree Carrier Genetic counselor Working with human pedigrees Why do scientists make a pedigree for a human? What are the common symbols used to design a pedigree. Disorders inherited as recessive traits Most human genetic disorders are _______________________________. If a person is heterozygote for the disorder they are called _______________________. Name two disorders that are recessive in humans? What is necessary for the parents to BOTH be in order for any of their children to have the disorder? Use a punnett square to explain your answer. Disorders Inherited as Dominant traits Name three disorders that are dominant in humans. Why is it less common to have lethal dominant traits than recessive traits? Why can people with Huntington’s disease pass it n to their offspring even though it is lethal? Sex-Linked Disorders Name two diseases that are sex-linked in humans. How does sex-linked characteristics get passed throughout a family? Why are their more males than females that have the trait if it is on the X chromosome? Can females have a x-linked trait—explain? Y linked? Predicting and treating genetic disorders What is the role of the genetic counselor? Why do genetic counselors do karyotypes? What is phenylketonuria? When is a person screened for this disorder?