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Name: _______________________ Date: ___________ Biology Fall Review Period: ____________ Remember, this review sheet is meant to provide guidance for your studies, but is not an all-inclusive review of questions that will be asked on the test. Be sure to review all notes, worksheets, labs and assessments as well as the following chapters of your textbook: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12,14.1, 14.2 and Appendix A and D. To complete this review, fill in the missing information and answer the practice questions. The practice questions are examples of the types of questions you may see on the test – not the actual test questions. Chapter 1, Safety and the Scientific Method Review safety rules, safety symbols, and safety equipment A list of safety rules and symbols that should be found in your class binder; Safety symbols are located on the front cover of your textbook. Potential Hazards of Acetone May cause eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation. Inhaling or swallowing vapors may be harmful or fatal. Known to cause birth defects. Vapor may ignite explosively. 1. Look at the information given in the table above. What safety precautions would you need to take when working with acetone? ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do we wash laboratory glassware after each use? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Select the appropriate materials and equipment in the laboratory. 3. A triple-beam balance measures _______________ in units of __________. 4. A graduated cylinder measures ______________ in units of __________. Read the _________ of the meniscus! 5. Use the following measurements of a rock to answer the next three questions. meniscus 6. What is the mass of the rock? ______________ After 7. What is the length of the rock?______________ Before 8. What is the volume of the rock?_____________ ( to calculate the volume of the rock, subtract the final volume “after” from the initial volume “Before”.) Identify the variables in an experiment and classify each as independent, dependent or controlled variables. (Appendix A and pp.1062-1063 will help) 9. An independent variable is _____________________________________________________________ 10. The dependent variable is ______________________________________________________________ 11. The _______________ variables (constants) are those things that must not change throughout in order for the experiment to be valid (fair). They are the same between the control group and the experimental group. 12. In a controlled experiment, change only ___________ variable at a time. Identify the control group in an experiment and explain why it is important in a valid experiment. 13. A _______________ in an experiment is the group which is not subject to the independent variable you are testing. 14. In an experiment, why do you need a control group? _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ A group of students wanted to see what affect adding Gingko biloba would have on the growth of young guppies (a type of fish). They fed a group of 10 guppies their regular diet. In another 10 guppies they fed them their regular diet but added 2 drops of Gingko biloba to their food each day and measured their mass every day for three weeks. At the end of their experiment, the guppies had grown by 14 grams. The students concluded that Gingko biloba caused the guppies to grow larger. 15. Identify the (a.) independent, (b.)dependent and (c.)control group. a. __________________ b. __________________ c. __________________ Be able to draw valid conclusions, and make inferences from experimental data. Practice: Graph the three points given in the table onto the graph paper given. Draw a straight line between the three points. Identify the missing data. 16. On the above graph, what is the independent variable? ______________________________________ 17. On the above graph, what is the dependent variable? _______________________________________ 18. From your graph, predict what the radius of a tree would be if it were 4 years old. ___________________ 19. What conclusion can you draw from this graph? (In other words, how are the two variables related?) ____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2: Biochemistry Identify the four types of macromolecules, including their functions and the monomers from which they are made. 20. How many atoms of each type in the molecule H2CO3? H ____________ C __________ O _______________ 21. Macromolecules are large molecules (polymers) built of smaller units, called _____________________ 22. Fill in the following chart: Elements Macromolecule Monomers Function(s) Example Contained Carbohydrate Lipids proteins Nucleic Acids 23. Look at the following pictures/diagrams. Which type of macromolecule is represented in by each picture? Glucose phosphate Identify the structure of water and its properties 24. What makes water an effective solvent? ________________________________________________________ 25. Within the water molecule, the hydrogen and oxygen are held together by _____________ bonds, which mean that they share electrons. 26. Different water molecules are held together by ________________________bonds. 27. On the water molecules shown here, label the hydrogen bonds with an A. Identify the function of enzymes 28. A catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the______________________ 29. An ______________is a biological catalyst that can be reused, but can only have one type of substrate (they fit together like a lock and key). Chapter 7: Cells and Microscopes Recognize the parts of a compound light microscope and the function of each part. (Refer to Appendix D p.1070-1071 for microscope questions) 30. How do you calculate the total magnification of the microscope?________________________________ _______________________________________________ 31. In a compound microscope, what part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide?_______________________________ 32. Identify the steps required to focus an object starting from scanning power. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Differentiate between prokaryote and eukaryote cells and name the parts of each. 33. Eukaryotes contain _____________________________, while __________________ do not. 34. Bacteria cells are examples of ________________. Plant cells are examples of_______________ 35. Identify the parts of the cell from a diagram or description. Be able to explain the function of each cell part. Name the parts labeled A – I on cell I and J – O on cell II, and provide a brief description of the function of each part. Cell Type: ____________________ Cell Type: ________________________ Organelle A. B. C. D E. F. G. H. I. Function Organelle J. K. L. M. N. O. Function Differentiate plant cells and animal cells. 36. Only plant cells contain _________________, ___________________ and a large _______________ 37. Only animal cells contain ________________________ Identify parts of the cell membrane and explain its function 38. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means__________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 39. The cell membrane allows the cell to maintain homoeostasis, which is _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Study the picture on the right (know parts and functions) 40. Describe the function of the macromolecules within the cell membrane. a. Lipid - ___________________________________________________________________________________ b. Protein - _________________________________________________________________________________ c. Carbohydrate- ____________________________________________________________________________ 41. Why do the lipids within the cell membrane form a bilayer? ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Differentiate and identify examples of diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and passive transport 42. Fill in the following table: Type of Transport Description Diagram Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion 43. Suppose you took a sea urchin egg, which is normally in salty ocean water, and placed it into fresh water (lower salt concentration). a. What particles would you observe moving across the cell membrane? ____________________. b. What is this movement called? ___________________ 44. Saltwater fish use energy to remove extra salt from their body through the gills. In this way, water balance is maintained in the blood. a. Which process removes the salt from the fish? ___________________________________ b. The ability of the fish to maintain a stable internal environment is known as ______________________ 45. Active transport moves molecules from an area of _______________ concentration to an area of ______________ concentration. 46. Passive transport moves molecules from an area of _______________ concentration to an area of ______________ concentration. Chapters 8 and 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Know the balanced formulas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and be able to compare and contrast the two processes. Reactants → Products 47. The balanced formula for photosynthesis is : ______________________________________________________ 48. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________________________ in plant cells. 49. The balanced formula for cellular respiration is: ___________________________________________________ 50. Cellular respiration takes place in the ___________________________ of both plant and animal cells. 51. Cellular respiration releases ___________________ energy from food and converts it to ____________ energy. 52. How are photosynthesis and respiration similar? ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 53. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites? a. Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does. b. Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration. c. Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. d. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration. 54. Why are plants green? ___________________________________ 55. List and describe the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration. Include the number of ATP molecules produced at each stage. (Refer to the text page 222). _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 56. Which of the processes shown in the figure below is considered an aerobic process? ___________________ 57. Which process is anaerobic in the flow chart shown to the right? ________________ 58. Fill in the two empty boxes to show the two types of fermentation. Differentiate glucose and ATP and know when the cell uses each. 59. The molecule that is used for short-term energy in a cell is __________________, while ______________ is used for long-term energy storage. A B C 60. What molecule is shown above? _____________________________ 61. Identify the following parts: A. _________________ B. ________________ C. __________________ 62. In which part of the molecule is the energy that the cell can convert to drive cell processes? ____________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 10 and 11-4: Mitosis and Meiosis Name the stages of the cell cycle and cell division and describe what occurs at each stage. 63. Describe what happens during each phase of the cell cycle: a. G1 - __________________________________ b. S - _________________________________ c. G2 - __________________________________ d. M - _________________________________________ 64. Cell division has two stages, mitosis (division of the ______________) and cytokinesis (division of the ______________________). 65. Identify and describe each phase of Mitosis: Stages of Mitosis Name of Stage What happens? 66. Look at the diagram on the right. What is this structure called? __________________ Identify the parts: a. _______________ b.________________ 67. When condensed chromatin forms __________________. A B Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis and relate to sexual and asexual reproduction. 68. Fill in the following chart: C Property Mitosis Meiosis Type of cells Number of daughter cells Diploid or haploid daughter cells? Genetically identical parent cells? 69. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis? ________ How many after meiosis?__________ 70. What are the cells produced during meiosis used for in the body? _______________ 71. Bacteria reproduce asexually via ____________________ 72. Yeast reproduce asexually via ___________________. 73. What are gametes? ____________________________________________ 74. What is a zygote? ___________________________________________________________________________ 75. What is fertilization? _________________________________________________________________________ Explain the mechanism of cancer. 76. Cancer is uncontrolled cell ____________________; A mass of cancer cells is called a ______________ Chapter 12: DNA and Protein Synthesis Describe the parts and basic structure of DNA 77. DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder – this shape is called a ________________________________ 78. What is the major function of a DNA molecule?____________________________________________ 79. The DNA strands are made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a ______________________, __________________________ and ________________________ 80. The four nitrogen bases in DNA are ________________________________________________________ 81. The nitrogen bases make up the “rungs” of the ladder. The two sides of the “ladder” are held together by __________________ bonds between the nitrogen bases. 82. Label the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide: Sequence the complementary strand when given a template strand of DNA 83. In DNA, the nitrogen base pairing rules are: A pairs with _____ and C pairs with _____ 84. For DNA replication the template strand was TGCTAGATTCGA, what would be the base sequence of the complementary strand?_______________________________________________________ Explain how an organism inherits certain traits 85. The DNA of an organism is found in the ___________ of a Eukaryotic cell. 86. The DNA base sequence determines the proteins that are made. Why is this important? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 87. Which of the following is identical for every cell in an organism’s body? A Amount of ATP B Function of cell C Size of cells D Genes in DNA Describe the process of DNA replication 88. Before DNA can replicate, the two strands must __________________________ 89. After DNA replication, there are two molecules that are ______________to the original DNA molecule. 90. Each original strand of DNA serves as a __________________ for the new strand synthesized during replication Differentiate between DNA and RNA 91. In DNA, the sugar is ___________________, while in RNA the sugar is ____________________. 92. DNA is _______________-stranded. RNA is _______________-stranded 93. Instead of Thymine, RNA contains ___________________. 94. DNA always stays in the ____________________, while mRNA can move out into the ________________. Explain protein synthesis 95. Define protein synthesis.________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 96. Transcription is _______________________________________________________________________ 97. What is the end product of transcription? ________________________ 98. In what organelle does transcription occur? ______________________ 99. Translation is _________________________________________________________________________ 100. What is the end product of translation? _________________________ 101. In what organelle does translation occur? _______________________ 102. mRNA’s job is ________________________________________, while tRNA’s job is to _________________________________ 103. DNA passes information to RNA during the process of ________________________. Determine the sequence of the mRNA strand when given a template strand of DNA (or figure out the DNA that codes for a certain mRNA strand. 104. In RNA, the nitrogen base pairing rules are: A pairs with _____, C pairs with _____ and T pairs with ________. 105. If the mRNA strand were CGGUAAUCA, what would be the base sequence of DNA that coded for that strand? ______________________________________________________________ Transcibe and Translate a given DNA code or given mRNA code using the codon chart and codon wheel. 106. A codon is a ____( # ) nucleotide RNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid 107. Many amino acids bonded together make up a _________________________ 108. If a portion of the DNA template strand were ATACCGCACGAT… (use your codon chart or p.303 for this section). a. After transcription, what would be the mRNA strand? ____________________________________ b. After translation, what would be the amino acid sequence? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Explain what a mutation is and recognize examples (both gene mutations and chromosomal mutations) 109. Gene mutations occur when there is a change in the ________________________ sequence of the DNA. 110. Mutations only get passed to offspring if they occur in what type of cell? _________________________ 111. The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred? (You may use your codon chart!) a.The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected. b.The identity of one amino acid would change. c. The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged. d.The identities of more than one amino acid would change. 112. Which type of mutation usually has the most significant impact on the protein being formed?___________________ Chapters 11, 14: Genetics Understand key terms used in genetics. 113. A somatic cell or body cell of a normal human adult contains ______ chromosomes while the gametes contain _______chromosomes. 114. An egg cell produced by a human female can only contain what sex chromosome? ________ 115. Define heterozygous - ___________________________________________________________________ 116. Define homozygous - ___________________________________________________________________ 117. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype. Use an example in your explanation 118. In humans, a male has – a. one X chromosome only. b. two X chromosomes. c. one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. d. two Y chromosomes. Understand monohybrid cross and how to determine alleles for all generations (including standard crosses, incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked, and dihybrid crosses). 119. What does it mean if an allele is dominant? ___________________________________ 120. What does it mean if an allele is recessive? ____________________________________ 121. What is the genotype of a male who is heterozygous for brown eyes (B)?____________________________ 122. What is the genotype of a female who is homozygous recessive for blue eyes (b)?_____________________ 123. Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes, construct a Punnett square to determine genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring if two heterozygous adults were crossed. 124. 125. 126. 127. What is the genotype ratio for the cross above? _____________________ What is the phenotype ratio for the cross above? _______________________ From the Punnett square, what percent of the offspring would you predict to have: a. blue eyes? ______ b. brown eyes? ______ What conclusion can be drawn from the information below? Jamie has free earlobes, which is a recessive trait in humans. Her parents both have attached earlobes. a. Jamie’s parents are both homozygous for the dominant trait. b. Jamie’s parents are both homozygous for the recessive trait. c. Jamie’s parents are both heterozygous. d. Jamie’s grandparents all have free earlobes. 128. If a red flower and a blue flower are cross pollinated, they produce purple offspring. This is an example of what type of dominance? ___________________________ 129. If a white cow and a brown cow produce offspring, all offspring are white with brown spots. This is an example of what type of dominance? ___________________________ 130. What is a polygenic trait? _____________________________________________________________ Understand Blood Types. 131. What are the possible genotype(s) for a person whose blood type is A______________ B________________ AB________________ O______________ 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. If all the children in a family have type A blood phenotypes and one parent had the genotype ii, what are the possible genotypes of the other parent? __________Which is most likely? _________________________ A dad has type AB blood has a baby with his wife who is heterozygous for type A blood. a. What is the probability they will have a baby with A blood? _______________% b. What is the probability they will have a baby with B blood? _______________ % c. What is the probability they will have a baby with AB blood? _______________% d. What is the probability they will have a baby with O blood? ________________% Which of the following pairs of genotypes result in the same phenotype? a. IAIA and IAIB c. IBIB and IAIB B B B b. I I and I i d. IBi and ii What are the possible gametes for this parent: GgHh ______________________ BBFf_______________________ Finish the dihybrid cross below. What percentage of the offspring will be round and yellow? ___________ What percentage of the offspring will be round and green? ___________ What percentage of the offspring will be wrinkled and green? _________ What percentage of the offspring will be wrinkled and yellow? _________ Put this in ratio form: _______________________________ _______________________________ Understand the structure of a pedigree and how it represents the passing of traits through generations. Use the pedigree for Hemophilia (a sex-linked disorder) attached to answer the next few questions. 137. On a pedigree, a circle represents a ___________, while a square represents a ______________. 138. Suppose the pedigree shown represents the following alleles: D = normal allele d = affected allele a. What is the genotype of a carrier female? ________________ b. What is the phenotype of a carrier female? ________________ c. What is the genotype of an affected person (male and female)? ____________ 139. From Figure A, how many people are affected by the disease? ______ 140. How many people are definitely carriers of the disease? _______ 141. A pedigree can be used to a. show relationships between members of a family. c. determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive. b. show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next. d. all of the above. Understand how karyotypes are used to identify chromosomes and identify the sex of organisms. 142. A somatic cell (body cell) of a normal human adult contains ________ chromosomes. 143. A somatic cell of a human adult who has trisomy contains ________ chromosomes, while the cell of a human adult with a monosomy contains ______ chromosomes. 144. What is the genotype (in terms of sex chromosomes) of a normal human: a. female _________ b. male ________ 145. An egg cell produced by a human female can only contain what sex chromosome? ________ 146. What abnormality do you see in this karyotype? ___________________________ 147. Does this karyotype represent a male or female? _____________ 148. A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome ( 1 -22) is called an ____________________. 149. If an adult insect has 12 chromosomes in its cells, how many chromosomes will its gametes contain? _________________ 150. How many chromosomes are in a human diploid cell? ________ a human haploid cell? ________ 151. Which of the following can be observed in a karyotype? a. a change in a DNA base b. genes c. an extra chromosome d. alleles