Download Biology Fall Review - SandersBiologyStuff

Name: _______________________ Date: ___________
Biology Fall Review
Period: ____________
Remember, this review sheet is meant to provide guidance for your studies, but is not an all-inclusive review
of questions that will be asked on the test. Be sure to review all notes, worksheets, labs and assessments as
well as the following chapters of your textbook: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12,14.1, 14.2 and Appendix A and D. To
complete this review, fill in the missing information and answer the practice questions. The practice
questions are examples of the types of questions you may see on the test – not the actual test questions.
Chapter 1, Safety and the Scientific Method
Review safety rules, safety symbols, and safety equipment
A list of safety rules and symbols that should be found in your class binder; Safety symbols are located on the
front cover of your textbook.
Potential Hazards of Acetone
May cause eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation. Inhaling or swallowing vapors may
be harmful or fatal. Known to cause birth defects. Vapor may ignite explosively.
1. Look at the information given in the table above. What safety precautions would you need to take when working
with acetone? ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do we wash laboratory glassware after each use?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Select the appropriate materials and equipment in the laboratory.
3. A triple-beam balance measures _______________ in units of __________.
4. A graduated cylinder measures ______________ in units of __________. Read the _________ of the meniscus!
5. Use the following measurements of a rock to answer the next three questions.
meniscus
6. What is the mass of the rock? ______________
After
7. What is the length of the rock?______________
Before
8. What is the volume of the rock?_____________ ( to calculate the volume of the rock, subtract the final volume
“after” from the initial volume “Before”.)
Identify the variables in an experiment and classify each as independent, dependent or controlled variables.
(Appendix A and pp.1062-1063 will help)
9. An independent variable is _____________________________________________________________
10. The dependent variable is ______________________________________________________________
11. The _______________ variables (constants) are those things that must not change throughout in order for the
experiment to be valid (fair). They are the same between the control group and the experimental group.
12. In a controlled experiment, change only ___________ variable at a time.
Identify the control group in an experiment and explain why it is important in a valid experiment.
13. A _______________ in an experiment is the group which is not subject to the independent variable you are testing.
14. In an experiment, why do you need a control group? _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
A group of students wanted to see what affect adding Gingko biloba would have on the growth of young
guppies (a type of fish). They fed a group of 10 guppies their regular diet. In another 10 guppies they fed
them their regular diet but added 2 drops of Gingko biloba to their food each day and measured their
mass every day for three weeks. At the end of their experiment, the guppies had grown by 14 grams. The
students concluded that Gingko biloba caused the guppies to grow larger.
15. Identify the (a.) independent, (b.)dependent and (c.)control group.
a. __________________
b. __________________
c. __________________
Be able to draw valid conclusions, and make inferences from experimental data.
Practice: Graph the three points given in the table
onto the graph paper given. Draw a straight line
between the
three points. Identify the missing data.
16. On the above graph, what is the independent
variable?
______________________________________
17. On the above graph, what is the dependent
variable? _______________________________________
18. From your graph, predict what the radius of a tree would be if it were 4 years old. ___________________
19. What conclusion can you draw from this graph? (In other words, how are the two variables related?)
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 2: Biochemistry
Identify the four types of macromolecules, including their functions and the monomers from which they are made.
20. How many atoms of each type in the molecule H2CO3?
H ____________ C __________ O _______________
21. Macromolecules are large molecules (polymers) built of smaller units, called _____________________
22. Fill in the following chart:
Elements
Macromolecule
Monomers
Function(s)
Example
Contained
Carbohydrate
Lipids
proteins
Nucleic Acids
23. Look at the following pictures/diagrams. Which type of macromolecule is represented in by each picture?
Glucose
phosphate
Identify the structure of water and its properties
24. What makes water an effective solvent? ________________________________________________________
25. Within the water molecule, the hydrogen and oxygen are held together by _____________ bonds, which mean
that they share electrons.
26. Different water molecules are held together by ________________________bonds.
27. On the water molecules shown here, label the hydrogen bonds with an A.
Identify the function of enzymes
28. A catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the______________________
29. An ______________is a biological catalyst that can be reused, but
can only have one type of substrate (they fit together like a lock and key).
Chapter 7: Cells and Microscopes
Recognize the parts of a compound light microscope and the function of each
part. (Refer to Appendix D p.1070-1071 for microscope questions)
30. How do you calculate the total magnification of the
microscope?________________________________
_______________________________________________
31. In a compound microscope, what part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating
a prepared slide?_______________________________
32. Identify the steps required to focus an object starting from scanning power.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Differentiate between prokaryote and eukaryote cells and name the parts of each.
33. Eukaryotes contain _____________________________, while __________________ do not.
34. Bacteria cells are examples of ________________. Plant cells are examples of_______________
35. Identify the parts of the cell from a diagram or description. Be able to explain the function of each cell
part.
Name the parts labeled A – I on cell I and J – O on cell II, and provide a brief description of the function
of each part.
Cell Type: ____________________
Cell Type: ________________________
Organelle
A.
B.
C.
D
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Function
Organelle
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
Function
Differentiate plant cells and animal cells.
36. Only plant cells contain _________________, ___________________ and a large _______________
37. Only animal cells contain ________________________
Identify parts of the cell membrane and explain its function
38. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means__________________________________________
________________________________________________
39. The cell membrane allows the cell to maintain homoeostasis, which is
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Study the picture on the right (know parts and functions)
40. Describe the function of the macromolecules within the cell membrane.
a. Lipid - ___________________________________________________________________________________
b. Protein - _________________________________________________________________________________
c. Carbohydrate- ____________________________________________________________________________
41. Why do the lipids within the cell membrane form a bilayer? ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Differentiate and identify examples of diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and passive transport
42. Fill in the following table:
Type of Transport
Description
Diagram
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
43. Suppose you took a sea urchin egg, which is normally in salty ocean water, and placed it into fresh
water (lower salt concentration).
a. What particles would you observe moving across the cell membrane? ____________________.
b. What is this movement called? ___________________
44. Saltwater fish use energy to remove extra salt from their body through the gills. In this way, water balance is
maintained in the blood.
a. Which process removes the salt from the fish? ___________________________________
b. The ability of the fish to maintain a stable internal environment is known as ______________________
45. Active transport moves molecules from an area of _______________ concentration to an area of
______________ concentration.
46. Passive transport moves molecules from an area of _______________ concentration to an area of
______________ concentration.
Chapters 8 and 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Know the balanced formulas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and be able to compare and
contrast the two processes.
Reactants
→
Products
47. The balanced formula for photosynthesis is : ______________________________________________________
48. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________________________ in plant cells.
49. The balanced formula for cellular respiration is: ___________________________________________________
50. Cellular respiration takes place in the ___________________________ of both plant and animal cells.
51. Cellular respiration releases ___________________ energy from food and converts it to ____________ energy.
52. How are photosynthesis and respiration similar? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
53. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites?
a. Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does.
b. Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration.
c. Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night.
d. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.
54. Why are plants green? ___________________________________
55. List and describe the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration. Include the number of ATP molecules produced
at each stage. (Refer to the text page 222).
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
56. Which of the processes shown in the figure below is considered an aerobic process? ___________________
57. Which process is anaerobic in the flow chart shown to
the right? ________________
58. Fill in the two empty boxes to show the two
types of fermentation.
Differentiate glucose and ATP and know when the cell uses each.
59. The molecule that is used for short-term energy in a cell is __________________, while ______________ is
used for long-term energy storage.
A
B
C
60. What molecule is shown above? _____________________________
61. Identify the following parts:
A. _________________
B. ________________ C. __________________
62. In which part of the molecule is the energy that the cell can convert to drive cell processes? ____________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 10 and 11-4: Mitosis and Meiosis
Name the stages of the cell cycle and cell division and describe what occurs
at each stage.
63. Describe what happens during each phase of the cell cycle:
a. G1 - __________________________________
b. S - _________________________________
c. G2 - __________________________________
d. M - _________________________________________
64. Cell division has two stages, mitosis (division of the ______________)
and cytokinesis (division of the ______________________).
65. Identify and describe each phase of Mitosis:
Stages of Mitosis
Name of Stage
What happens?
66. Look at the diagram on the right. What is this structure called? __________________
Identify the parts: a. _______________
b.________________
67. When condensed chromatin forms __________________.
A
B
Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis and relate to sexual and asexual reproduction.
68. Fill in the following chart:
C
Property
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of cells
Number of
daughter cells
Diploid or haploid
daughter cells?
Genetically
identical
parent cells?
69. If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after
mitosis? ________ How many after meiosis?__________
70. What are the cells produced during meiosis used for in the body? _______________
71. Bacteria reproduce asexually via ____________________
72. Yeast reproduce asexually via ___________________.
73. What are gametes? ____________________________________________
74. What is a zygote? ___________________________________________________________________________
75. What is fertilization? _________________________________________________________________________
Explain the mechanism of cancer.
76. Cancer is uncontrolled cell ____________________; A mass of cancer cells is called a ______________
Chapter 12: DNA and Protein Synthesis
Describe the parts and basic structure of DNA
77. DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder – this shape is called a ________________________________
78. What is the major function of a DNA molecule?____________________________________________
79. The DNA strands are made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a ______________________,
__________________________ and ________________________
80. The four nitrogen bases in DNA are ________________________________________________________
81. The nitrogen bases make up the “rungs” of the ladder. The two sides of the “ladder” are held together by
__________________ bonds between the nitrogen bases.
82. Label the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide:
Sequence the complementary strand when given a template strand of DNA
83. In DNA, the nitrogen base pairing rules are: A pairs with _____ and C pairs with _____
84. For DNA replication the template strand was TGCTAGATTCGA, what would be the base sequence of the
complementary strand?_______________________________________________________
Explain how an organism inherits certain traits
85. The DNA of an organism is found in the ___________ of a Eukaryotic cell.
86. The DNA base sequence determines the proteins that are made. Why is this important? ___________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
87. Which of the following is identical for every cell in an organism’s body?
A Amount of ATP
B Function of cell
C Size of cells
D Genes in DNA
Describe the process of DNA replication
88. Before DNA can replicate, the two strands must __________________________
89. After DNA replication, there are two molecules that are ______________to the original DNA molecule.
90. Each original strand of DNA serves as a __________________ for the new strand synthesized during replication
Differentiate between DNA and RNA
91. In DNA, the sugar is ___________________, while in RNA the sugar is ____________________.
92. DNA is _______________-stranded. RNA is _______________-stranded
93. Instead of Thymine, RNA contains ___________________.
94. DNA always stays in the ____________________, while mRNA can move out into the ________________.
Explain protein synthesis
95. Define protein synthesis.________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
96. Transcription is _______________________________________________________________________
97. What is the end product of transcription? ________________________
98. In what organelle does transcription occur? ______________________
99. Translation is _________________________________________________________________________
100.
What is the end product of translation? _________________________
101.
In what organelle does translation occur? _______________________
102.
mRNA’s job is ________________________________________, while tRNA’s job is to
_________________________________
103.
DNA passes information to RNA during the process of ________________________.
Determine the sequence of the mRNA strand when given a template strand of DNA (or figure out the DNA that
codes for a certain mRNA strand.
104.
In RNA, the nitrogen base pairing rules are: A pairs with _____, C pairs with _____ and T pairs with ________.
105.
If the mRNA strand were CGGUAAUCA, what would be the base sequence of DNA that coded for that
strand? ______________________________________________________________
Transcibe and Translate a given DNA code or given mRNA code using the codon chart and codon wheel.
106.
A codon is a ____( # ) nucleotide RNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid
107.
Many amino acids bonded together make up a _________________________
108.
If a portion of the DNA template strand were ATACCGCACGAT… (use your codon chart or p.303 for this section).
a. After transcription, what would be the mRNA strand? ____________________________________
b. After translation, what would be the amino acid sequence?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Explain what a mutation is and recognize examples (both gene mutations and chromosomal mutations)
109.
Gene mutations occur when there is a change in the ________________________ sequence of the DNA.
110.
Mutations only get passed to offspring if they occur in what type of cell? _________________________
111.
The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino
acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred? (You may use your codon chart!)
a.The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected.
b.The identity of one amino acid would change.
c. The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged.
d.The identities of more than one amino acid would change.
112.
Which type of mutation usually has the most significant impact on the protein being formed?___________________
Chapters 11, 14: Genetics
Understand key terms used in genetics.
113.
A somatic cell or body cell of a normal human adult contains ______ chromosomes while the gametes
contain _______chromosomes.
114.
An egg cell produced by a human female can only contain what sex chromosome? ________
115.
Define heterozygous - ___________________________________________________________________
116.
Define homozygous - ___________________________________________________________________
117.
Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype. Use an example in your explanation
118.
In humans, a male has –
a. one X chromosome only.
b. two X chromosomes.
c. one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
d. two Y chromosomes.
Understand monohybrid cross and how to determine alleles for all generations (including standard crosses,
incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked, and dihybrid crosses).
119.
What does it mean if an allele is dominant? ___________________________________
120.
What does it mean if an allele is recessive? ____________________________________
121.
What is the genotype of a male who is heterozygous for brown eyes (B)?____________________________
122.
What is the genotype of a female who is homozygous recessive for blue eyes (b)?_____________________
123.
Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes, construct a Punnett square to determine
genotype and phenotype ratios of the offspring if two heterozygous adults were crossed.
124.
125.
126.
127.
What is the genotype ratio for the cross above? _____________________
What is the phenotype ratio for the cross above? _______________________
From the Punnett square, what percent of the offspring would you predict to have:
a. blue eyes? ______
b. brown eyes? ______
What conclusion can be drawn from the information below?
Jamie has free earlobes, which is a recessive trait in
humans. Her parents both have attached earlobes.
a. Jamie’s parents are both homozygous for the dominant trait.
b. Jamie’s parents are both homozygous for the recessive trait.
c. Jamie’s parents are both heterozygous.
d. Jamie’s grandparents all have free earlobes.
128.
If a red flower and a blue flower are cross pollinated, they produce purple offspring. This is an example of
what type of dominance? ___________________________
129.
If a white cow and a brown cow produce offspring, all offspring are white with brown spots. This is an example
of what type of dominance? ___________________________
130.
What is a polygenic trait? _____________________________________________________________
Understand Blood Types.
131.
What are the possible genotype(s) for a person whose blood type is
A______________
B________________
AB________________
O______________
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
If all the children in a family have type A blood phenotypes and one parent had the genotype ii, what are the
possible genotypes of the other parent? __________Which is most likely? _________________________
A dad has type AB blood has a baby with his wife who is heterozygous for type A blood.
a. What is the probability they will have a baby with A blood? _______________%
b. What is the probability they will have a baby with B blood? _______________ %
c. What is the probability they will have a baby with AB blood? _______________%
d. What is the probability they will have a baby with O blood? ________________%
Which of the following pairs of genotypes result in the same phenotype?
a. IAIA and IAIB
c. IBIB and IAIB
B
B
B
b. I I and I i
d. IBi and ii
What are the possible gametes for this parent: GgHh ______________________
BBFf_______________________
Finish the dihybrid cross below.
What percentage of the offspring will
be round and yellow? ___________
What percentage of the offspring will
be round and green? ___________
What percentage of the offspring will
be wrinkled and green? _________
What percentage of the offspring will
be wrinkled and yellow? _________
Put this in ratio form:
_______________________________
_______________________________
Understand the structure of a pedigree and how it represents the passing of traits through generations.
Use the pedigree for Hemophilia (a sex-linked disorder) attached to answer the next few questions.
137. On a pedigree, a circle represents a ___________, while a square represents a
______________.
138. Suppose the pedigree shown represents the following alleles:
D = normal allele
d = affected allele
a. What is the genotype of a carrier female? ________________
b. What is the phenotype of a carrier female? ________________
c. What is the genotype of an affected person (male and female)? ____________
139. From Figure A, how many people are affected by the disease? ______
140. How many people are definitely carriers of the disease? _______
141. A pedigree can be used to a. show relationships between members of a family.
c. determine
whether an allele is dominant or recessive. b. show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next. d. all of the above.
Understand how karyotypes are used to identify chromosomes and identify the sex of organisms.
142. A somatic cell (body cell) of a normal human adult contains ________ chromosomes.
143. A somatic cell of a human adult who has trisomy contains ________ chromosomes, while the cell of a human adult with a
monosomy
contains ______ chromosomes.
144. What is the genotype (in terms of sex chromosomes) of a normal
human:
a. female _________
b. male ________
145. An egg cell produced by a human female can only contain what sex
chromosome? ________
146. What abnormality do you see in this karyotype?
___________________________
147. Does this karyotype represent a male or female? _____________
148. A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome ( 1 -22) is called an
____________________.
149. If an adult insect has 12 chromosomes in its cells, how many
chromosomes will its gametes contain? _________________
150. How many chromosomes are in a human diploid cell? ________ a
human haploid cell? ________
151. Which of the following can be observed in a karyotype?
a. a change in a DNA base
b. genes
c. an extra chromosome
d. alleles