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Transcript
Pathogens (Bacteria & Virus with foreign antigens) are engulfed by Macrophages Pathogen with foreign Antigen The Macrophages display the foreign antigens on the outside of their cell membranes. Macrophage When Helper T cells encounter these macrophages, if they match the displayed antigen, the Helper T cells secrete “Cytokines” which are chemical signals to activate B cells & T cells. Helper T cell The cytokines stimulate the rapid cloning of Plasma B-cells & Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cytokines The Plasma B cell clones begin secreting huge amounts of Antibodies. Cloning of Plasma B cells The Antibodies attach to the foreign antigens on the pathogens & clump them together to neutralize them. Antibodies The Cytotoxic T cells find cells & viruses with the foreign antigen & use their lysosome to destroy the pathogens. Cloning of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Some of the B-cell clones are Memory B cells that stay in the blood, ready for the next pathogen with that antigen. Memory B Cells Some of the T-cell Clones are Memory T cells that stay in the blood, ready to attack the next pathogen with that antigen. Memory T cells