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Introduction to Genetics Study Guide Vocabulary Genetics scientific study of heredity True-breeding describes organisms that if allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves Trait a distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited and varies from one individual to another Hybrid offspring of crosses between parents with different traits (heterozygous) Gene chemical factors that determines traits Allele different forms of a gene Segregation separation Gamete sex cell Principle of probability can be used to predict the offspring outcomes of genetic crosses Principle of dominance some alleles are dominant and some are recessive. Dominant alleles will mask recessive alleles Principle of segregation separation of alleles during gamete formation; organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their offspring Principle of independent assortment independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes. Explains genetic variation within species Punnett square diagram used to determine gene combinations of a genetic cross Homozygous organisms that have to identical alleles for the same trait Heterozygous organisms that have different alleles for the same trait Phenotype physical characteristics; affected by genotype and environment Genotype genetic makeup Homologous chromosomes refers to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome that you inherit from your parents Incomplete dominance situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another and making a 3rd phenotype Codominance situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organisms, neither is dominant over the other and therefore both alleles show in the phenotype Multiple alleles three or more alleles of the same gene; unlike the traits studied by Mendel, most traits are produced by genes that are multiple Polygenic trait trait controlled by two or more genes; height is an example Epistatic gene that overshadows all other genes for a particular trait (ex-albinism) Diploid cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes (two sets) represented by 2N Haploid cell that contains only a single set of gene (one set) represented by N Meiosis process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell Crossing over exchange in alleles between homologous chromosomes to produce new combinations of alleles. Increases variety among sexually reproducing organisms The work of Gregor Mendel considered the father of genetics by controlling the fertilization process with pea plants to study the inheritance of traits. Principles apply to all organisms. Punnett Squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross know how to read/cross know the results of parent generation cross (purebred), F1 generation (hybrids) cross and F2 generation cross what they stand for used to predict possible outcomes for offspring results heterozygous/hybrid & homozygous/purebred results of all types of crosses. Phenotypic and genotypic ratios. (P generation; F1 generation; F2 generation) monohybrid examines the inheritance of on specific trait dihybrid examines the inheritance of two traits (two hybrids will produce a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio). Four different allele combinations Genetics and the environment DNA is the blueprint but characteristics can be determined by interactions between genes and the environment Blood Type Dominant vs recessive A and B are dominant and O is recessive Universal donor (o) vs universal receiver (AB) Meiosis results in 4 genetically different haploid cells or gamete cells Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis mitosis makes genetically identical cells, makes diploid cells, takes place throughout organism’s lifetime, involved in asexual reproduction. Meiosis makes genetically unique cells, makes haploid cells, takes place during certain times in life cycle, involved in sexual reproduction Phases prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II (remember to review what each phase does) gamete #/symbol sex cell with half the number of body cell (somatic cell) represented by N