Download learning objectives chapter 14

LEARNING OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 14
1.
Define social psychology and social cognition. (see introductory section)
2.
Define self-concept and self-esteem. Discuss Festinger’s theory of social comparison.
Describe the relationship of reference groups to the process of self-evaluation and give
examples of upward and downward social comparison. Define relative deprivation. (see
“Social Influences on the Self” and “Social Comparison”)
3.
Discuss the research examining the role of self-esteem in managing negative emotion. (see
“Focus on Research: Self-Esteem and the Ultimate Terror”)
4.
Define social identity and discuss its influence on thought and behavior. (see “Social
Identity Theory”)
5.
Define social perception. Describe the manner in which schemas influence our perceptions
of others. Explain why first impressions are slow to change. (see “Social Perception,” “The
Role of Schemas,” and “First Impressions”)
6.
Define self-fulfilling prophecy. Discuss the relationship between self-fulfilling prophecies
and our impressions of others. (see “Self-Fulfilling Prophecies” under “Social Perception”)
7.
Define attribution. Discuss the importance of attributions, and give examples of internal and
external attributions. (see “Explaining Behavior: Attribution”)
8.
Define and give examples illustrating the fundamental attribution error, ultimate attribution
error, actor-observer effect, and self-serving bias. Describe the problem of unrealistic
optimism. (see “Biases in Attribution”)
9.
Define attitude. Describe the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes,
and give an example of each. Discuss the factors that influence whether attitude-consistent
behavior will occur. (see “Attitudes” and “The Structure of Attitudes”)
10. Discuss how attitudes are formed and changed. Be sure to describe the mere exposure effect
and the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change. (see “Forming Attitudes” and “Two
Routes to Attitude Change” under “Changing Attitudes”)
11. Describe cognitive dissonance theory, and discuss the research supporting the theory. (see
“Cognitive Dissonance Theory” under “Changing Attitudes”)
12. Define and give examples of stereotypes, prejudice, and social discrimination. (see
“Prejudice and Stereotypes”)
13. Describe the motivational, cognitive, and learning theories of prejudice and stereotyping.
Describe the personality trait of authoritarianism. (see “Theories of Prejudice and
Stereotyping”)
14. Describe the contact hypothesis. Discuss the specific conditions necessary for the contact
hypothesis to hold true. (see “Reducing Prejudice”)
15. Describe the influences of the environment, similarity, and physical attractiveness on
attraction. Define matching hypothesis. (see “Keys to Attraction”)
16. Describe the most important components of intimate relationships. Describe Sternberg’s
triangular theory of love. Compare and contrast romantic, companionate, and consummate
love. Describe the factors that influence marital satisfaction. (see “Intimate Relationships
and Love”)
17. Define social norms and describe their influence on social behavior. Define deindividuation
and describe the factors that increase its likelihood. (see “Social Norms”)
18. Compare and contrast conformity and compliance, and give examples of each. Describe the
role of social norms in conformity and compliance. (see “Conformity and Compliance”)
19. Describe the factors that lead to conformity. Describe the strategies for inducing
compliance, including the foot-in-the-door technique, the door-in-the-face procedure, and
the low-ball approach. (see “Why Do People Conform?” “When Do People Conform?” and
“Creating Compliance” under “Conformity and Compliance”)
20. Define obedience. Describe Milgram’s study and his findings on obedience. Name and
describe the factors that influence obedience. Discuss the ethical considerations in carrying
out an experiment like Milgram’s. (see “Obedience”)
21. Define aggressive behavior. Discuss the limitations of the explanations of aggression
provided by Freudian and evolutionary theories. Describe the genetic and biological
influences on aggression. Describe the role of learning and cultural mechanisms in
aggression. (see “Aggression” and “Why Are People Aggressive?”)
22. Define the frustration-aggression hypothesis. Describe the role of arousal and excitation
transfer in aggression. Discuss the question of whether pornography causes aggression.
Define environmental psychology and describe environmental influences on aggression.
(see “When Are People Aggressive?” and “Thinking Critically: Does Pornography Cause
Aggression?”)
23. Define assistance and altruism. Discuss the arousal: cost-reward theory of helping behavior.
Describe the situational factors and personality characteristics that influence helping
behavior. Define bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility. (see “Altruism and
Assistance” and “Why Do People Help?”)
24. Describe the empathy-altruism helping theory and the evolutionary theories of helping. (see
“Empathy-Altruism Theory” and “Evolutionary Theory” under “Why Do People Help?”)
25. Define cooperation, competition, and conflict. Define and give an example of a social
dilemma. (see “Cooperation, Competition, and Conflict”)
26. Define and give examples of social facilitation, social interference, social loafing, and social
striving. (see “The Presence of Others”)
27. Describe the personality characteristics of a good leader. Define task-motivated and personmotivated, transactional and transformational leadership styles. Describe the types of
situations that call for the use of each style. (see “Group Leadership”)
28. Define groupthink. Specify the conditions that may increase its likelihood and describe
techniques that may reduce its likelihood. (see “Groupthink”)
29. Define social neuroscience and discuss the research within that field. (see “Linkages:
Biological and Social Psychology”)