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Polygenic Inheritance –Occurs when a group of _________________ acts together to produce a trait –The effects of many alleles produce a wide variety of ____________________ –It may be hard to classify all the _________________ of eye color –Two gene pairs on chromosome pair ____, and one occurs on pair _____ control eye color. There are thought to be more –_______________ is dominant over blue in eye color. Human Genes and Mutations –Not all mutations are ____________, they might be helpful or have no effect on an organism –Chromosome Disorders –Mistakes that result in a new organism with ____________________ chromosomes –Is usually ____________ –1. Down Syndrome -Extra 21 Chromosome –________________ copies of the 21 Chromosomes results in Down Syndrome – –Exhibit learning ______________________ – –Can lead a normal life 2. Trisomy 18 – Extra 18 Chromosome •These physical findings if Trisomy 18 •They include: prominence to the back part of the head, – – – –clenched fist with index finger overlapping the third and 5th finger overlapping the 4th, small fingernails, –underdeveloped or altered_____________ –short sternum (_________________) –club feet and redundant skin at the back of the neck. 3. Klinefelters –_________males are almost always sterile, – some degree of _____________impairment may be present. –a lanky, youthful build and facial appearance, –risk of breast cancer, pulmonary disease, varicose veins, and osteoporosis, risks shared with women. –. Occurs ____________to ____________males –________________ characteristics: –tendency to grow less body ________, –small testicular (testes) size, –long _____________________, –narrow shoulders, –poor _________ growth, –______________ Development –and narrow shoulders. 4. Turners Syndrome – Missing Y chromosome •Identifying features of the condition – ________________ 100% –Ovarian failure 90% – Puffy ___________________80% – Broad _______________80% –Low posterior hairline 80% –Unusual shape and rotation of ___________ 80% –Small lower jaw 70% –Arms turned out slightly at _____________ 70% – Soft upturned nails 70% – _______________50% –Cardiac anomalies 50% – ____________________50% – Narrow,high-arched palate 40% Recessive Genetic Disorders –Genetic Disorders that are caused by _________________ genes –Such disorders occur when both parents are __________________ –Heterozygous parents show no ________________________ –Child gets disorder when each _______________ passes a recessive alleles to offspring –1. Cystic Fibrosis –Homozygous recessive disorder –Most common _____________ disorder that can lead to death in Caucasian Americans –Thick _______________ is produced in the lungs instead of a thin fluid –Makes it much harder to _____________ –Leads to respiratory _______________ –2. phenylketonuria (PKU) –3. sickle cell anaemia •Complications include: –pain episodes from the sickle cells blocking blood flow and early breaking apart – –increased infections ________________ –bone damage –yellow eyes or ______________ –early gallstones –lung _________________ –________________damage and loss of body water in urine –blood blockage in the ______________ or liver –eye damage –low red blood cell counts (_________________) –delayed growth –leg Sex Determination –Females – Pair of _______ Chromosomes and produces eggs with one X in –Males 23rd pair of chromosomes are an ___________ –Males produce sperm that have either an ____ or a _____ Sex linked Disorders •Some inherited conditions are linked with the _______________ chromosome •A male always receives his X chromosome from his __________________. • As a result, any genes located solely on the _______________________will be inherited by the son from his mother. • In contrast, since females receive an X chromosome from both parents, females inherit X linked genes from ___________________________ Examples –1. Color Blindness –Recessive on X Chromosome –Males with the allele on the X chromosome is Color blind because they only carry _____ X chromosome –Females, ______________________need to have the color blind allele to be color blind –Females with one are called _________________ –2. Hemophilia –A person with hemophilia has blood that ________________ –Normal clotting factors is symbolized as _________ –Symbol for hemophilia is __________ •3. Colors of a Calico Cat are recessive and carried on the X chromosome Pedigree –Pedigree is a _________________ for following a trait through a generation of a family –Males represented by _____________ –Females represented by _______________ –Completely _________________ in shape represents that the trait is seen in that person –Half colored shape represents that the person is a _______________ –Geneticist use pedigrees to ______________ the probability that a baby will be born with a specific trait. –Pedigrees also important in breeding _________________________ –Organisms such a livestock and plant crops are bred to increase their _______________________________________________