Download Nature, nurture, and human diversity

Nature, nurture, and human
diversity
Chapter 3
1
Chapter 3
Environment
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Every nongenetic influence, for prenatal
nutrition to the people and things around us.
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Behavior genetics
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3
The study of the relative power and limits of
genetic and environmental influences on
behavior.
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Chromosomes
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4
Threadlike structures made of DNA
molecules that contain the genes.
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DNA
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A complex molecule containing the genetic
information that makes up the chromosome.
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Genes
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The biochemical units of heredity that make
up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA
capable of synthesizing a protein.
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Genome
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Complete instructions for making an
organism, consisting of all that genetic
material and that organisms chromosomes.
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Identical twins
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Twins who develop from a single fertilized
eggs that splits into, creating to genetically
identical organisms.
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Fraternal twins
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Twins who develop from separate fertilized
eggs. They are genetically no closer than
brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal
environment.
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Temperament
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A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity
and intensity.
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Heritability
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Proportion of variation among the individuals
that we can attribute to genes. The
heritability of a trait may vary, depending on
the range of populations and environment
study.
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Interaction
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The effect of one factor (such as
environment) depends on another factor
(such as hereditary).
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Molecular genetics
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A subfield of biology that studies the
molecular structure and function of genes.
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Evolutionary psychology
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14
The study of the evolution of behavior in the
mine, using principles of natural selection.
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Natural selection
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The principle that among the range of an
inherited trait variation, those that lead to
increased reproduction and survival will most
likely be passed on to succeeding
generations.
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Mutation
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A random error in gene replication that leads
to a change.
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Gender
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In psychology, the biologically and socially
influenced characteristic by which people
define male and female.
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Culture
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,
values, and traditions shared by a group of
people and transmitted from one generation
to the next.
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Norm
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Understood rule for excepted and expected
behavior. Norms prescribe “ proper”
behavior.
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Personal space
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The buffer zone we like to maintain around
our bodies.
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Individualism
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Giving priority to one’s own goals over group
goals and defining one’s identity in terms of
personal attributes rather than group
identifications.
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Collectivism
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Given prior to the goals of one’s group in
defining one’s identity accordingly.
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Aggression
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Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt
someone.
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X-chromosome
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Sex chromosome found in both men and
women. Females have two X.
chromosomes; males have one. And Xchromosome from each parent produces a
female child.
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Y-chromosome
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Sex chromosome found only in males. When
paired with an ex-chromosome from the
mothers, it produces a male child.
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Testosterone
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The most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have it,
but the additional testosterone males
stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
in the fetus and development of the male sex
characteristics during puberty.
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Role
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a set of expectations [norms] about a social
position, defining how those in the position
ought to behave.
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Gender role
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A set of expected behaviors for males and for
females.
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Gender identity
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29
One’s sense of being male or female.
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Gender typing
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The acquisition of a traditional masculine or
feminine role.
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Social learning theory
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31
The theory that we learned social behavior
by observing and imitating by being
rewarded or punished.
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Gender schema theory
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The theory that children learn from their
cultures a concept of what it means to be
male and female and that they adjust their
behavior accordingly.
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