Download NOTE: The provided figures may be useful and beneficial

NOTE: The provided figures may be useful and beneficial & you should consider including them in your
learning log. Keep up the good work & be an Intentional Learner.
Chapter 40
1. Using Figure 40.4, in what sense are exchange surfaces such as the lining of the digestive system
both internal & external?
2. If you were deciding where to put the thermostat in a house, what factors would govern your
decision? How do these factors relate to the fact that many homeostatic control sensors in humans
are located in the brain?
3. Using Figure 40.7 and the idea of energy coupling in Figure 8.10, discuss why heat is produced in the
absorption of nutrients, in cellular respiration, & in the biosynthesis of biopolymers.
4. Which animal must eat a larger portion of its weight in food each day: a house cat or an African lion
caged in a zoo? Explain.
5. In cool weather, jackrabbits sometimes flatten their ears against their body. What is an advantage
and disadvantage for their survival?
Chapter 41
1. If a zoo animal eating ample food shows signs of malnutrition, how might a researcher determine
which nutrient is lacking in its diet?
2. Distinguish the overall structure of a gastrovascular cavity from that of an alimentary canal.
3. Thinking in broad terms, what similarities can you identify between digestion in an animal body and
the breakdown of gasoline in an automobile? Use the term potential energy in your response.
4. Pepsin is resistant to the denaturing effect of the low pH environment of the stomach. Thinking
about the different digestive processes that occur in the small intestine, what adaptation do you
think the digestive enzymes in that compartment share?
5. Tapeworms in the Phylum _______________ sometimes infect humans, anchoring themselves to the
wall of the small intestine. Based on how digestion is compartmentalized along the mammalian
alimentary canal, what digestive functions would you expect these parasites to have?
6. Explain why a proton pump inhibitor, such as the drug Prilosec, relieves the symptoms of acid reflux.
7. What are 2 advantages of a longer alimentary canal for processing plant material that is difficult to
digest?
8. “Lactose-intolerant” people have a shortage of lactase, the enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk.
As a result, they sometimes develop cramps, bloating, or diarrhea after consuming dairy products.
Suppose such a person ate yogurt containing bacteria that produce lactase. Why would eating yogurt
likely provide at best only temporary relief of the symptoms?
Chapter 42
1. The heart of a normally developing human fetus has a hole between the left and right atria. In some
cases, this hole does not close completely before birth. If the hole weren’t surgically corrected, how
would it affect the O2 content of the blood entering the systemic circuit?
2. If a doctor gave you a copy of you ECG recording, how could you determine your heart rate during
the actual test? (Figure 42.8)
3. Explain why blood in the pulmonary veins has a higher O2 concentration than blood in the venae cavae,
which are also veins.
4. After exercising regularly for several months, you find that your resting heart rate has decreased.
What other change in the function of your heart at rest would you expect to find?
5. What short-term changes in cardiovascular function might best enable skeletal muscles to help an
animal escape from a dangerous animal?
6. Clots in arteries can cause heart attacks and strokes. Why, then, does it make sense to treat
hemophiliacs by introducing clotting factors into their blood?
7. After a heavy rain, earthworms come to the surface. How would you explain this behavior in terms of
an earthworm’s requirement for gas exchange?
8. Suppose a person began breathing very rapidly while resting. Describe the effect on blood CO 2 levels
and the steps by which the negative feedback circuit in this figure would restore homeostasis.
(Figure 42.26)
9. A doctor might give bicarbonate (HCO3-) to a patient who is breathing very rapidly. What assumption
is the doctor making about the blood chemistry of the patient?
Chapter 43
1. Although pus is often seen as a sign of infection, it is also an indicator of immune defenses in action.
Explain.
2. Use Figure 43.5 to describe how the lymphatic system functions during an immune response.
3. Use Figure 43.6 to describe what happens when you get a paper cut.
4. Directly compare & contrast the following:
a. A receptor binding to a ligand
b. An enzyme binding to a substrate
c. An antibody/T-cell receptor binding to an antigen.
5. Use Figure 43.9 to describe the function of MHC molecules on both types of T cells.
6. Use Figure 43.11 to compare & contrast alternative mRNA splicing and immune cell receptor gene
rearrangement.
7. Treatment of antibodies with a particular protease (an enzyme that degrade proteins) clips the heavy
chains in half, releasing the two arms of the Y-shaped molecule. Why might the antibody still be able
to function?
8. Use Figure 43.12 to describe the process of clonal selection.
9. Explain 2 advantages of having memory cells hen a pathogen is encountered for a second time.
10. By using Figure 43.16, explain in detail how cytotoxic T cells function.
11. By using Figure 43.17, explain in detail how B cells function?
12. Use Figure 43.15 to explain in detail how helper T cells assist both the cell-mediated & humoral
immune responses.
13. Use Figure 43.19 to explain how antigens are disposed of after they are bound by an antibody.
14. In an effort to maintain exam exemptions, one of the seniors at your table comes to school when
they are “sick as a dog” infecting you with a virus that affects the upper respiratory system. Use
Figure 43.14 as a foundation to describe how your body responds.