Download Biochem SG06

Honors Biology
Chemistry of Life
Pages 176-187;* = flash cards; ** = teacher’s notes
NAME ________________________
BLOCK ________
NCEE Standards S1c & s2a: The student produces evidence that demonstrates understanding of factors
that affect reaction rates, such as catalysts; regulation, and biochemistry.
S.C.F. 1.4.1
The student knows that the body processes involve specific biochemical reactions
governed by biochemical principles.
S.C.G.1.4.3
The student knows that the chemical elements that make up the molecules of living things
are combined and recombined in different ways.
I.
Introduction
* Biochemistry –
the study of how properties of chemistry make life possible and determine
the characteristics of life
* Organic compound – compounds produced by organisms; they contain
hydrogen and carbon; most are complex.
1. * Examples of Organic Compounds – Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids.
The structure of a molecule determines its ________________.
Biochemical molecules have many structures, and therefore they have many
_______________.
DS 2.8
The student will identify the elements most commonly found in living organisms.
2. The main elements found in organisms are ________________.
3. The chemistry of carbon
Draw the atomic structure of carbon. (Use your book or the internet).
4. There are millions of carbon compounds possible because:
a.
Carbon can bond to _____ different atoms, because
b.
Carbon can bond to carbon and form long chains & rings.
c.
Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms.
II.
MOLECULE BUILDING
DS
2.9 The student will differentiate between monomers and polymers in organic molecules.
A. Monomers and Polymers
1. Large organic molecules, such as starch and protein are made from ___________ organic
compounds that act as building blocks.
2. Small, building block molecules are called monomers.
3. The word * monomer means “one part”. Each monomer is one part of a larger molecule.
4. Monomers are linked by ___________________ bonds to form polymers.
5. Molecules formed by linking three or more monomers are called ____________________.
6. The word * polymer means “___________ parts”.
** Examples of polymers:
a. starch
b. polypeptide (protein)
The student will:
2.12 Identify biochemical reactions as dehydration synthesis (condensation)or hydrolysis and
predict the outcome and energy transfer in both types.
2.11
Explain how biochemical reactions occur in a sequence of small, controlled, systematic
steps.
B.
* Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation (Read around diagrams.)
1. The chemical reaction that FORMS _________________ bonds.
2. Dehydration synthesis is the removal of ______________ to form a new compound.
** Example:
C.
Formation of maltose sugar
* Hydrolysis
1.
The chemical reaction that BREAKS ________________.
2.
Hydrolysis means, “splitting by ___________.”
3.
Example:
III.
DS 2.10
Digestion of maltose
CARBOHYDRATES
The student will compare the general structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids and conclude that the biological molecules consist of the same elements
combined in different ways.
A. * Carbohydrates are compounds composed of ______, ______, _____ atoms in approximately
a 1:2:1 ratio.
B. For every carbon atom there are two H and one O. The word carbohydrate means
“___________ carbon.”
C. Functions
1.
____________ source
2.
In plants carbohydrates are used to make the material for the _______________
** In insects and similar animals with a hard body covering carbohydrates make the outer
covering of chitin.
D. There are 3 types of carbohydrates.
1.
* Monosaccharides
a.
Most ___________ carbohydrates. Called _________ sugars.
b.
Generally have 3, 5 or _____ carbon atoms. (Count the C atoms in glucose.)
c.
Common monosaccharides are ____________________________________.
d.
____________ is the main source of energy for most organisms, because the C-H
bonds re relatively weak. It does not take much energy to break them, so when new
bonds are formed an excess of energy is released.
The * Structural formula of *glucose (see the first part of Fig. 7.13) is:
The *molecular (simple) formula of glucose is ___________________.
e.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are ___________________, which means they have
the same chemical formula but different three-dimensional structures and structural
formulas.
2. * Disaccharides
a.
Sugars made of _____ covalently bonded monosaccharides.
b.
Table sugar is ________________, which is the transport sugar in plants.
c.
What type of reaction forms disaccharides, such as lactose, sucrose, and maltose and
water?
____________________________ _______________________
** Maltose, used to make beer, is composed of 2 molecules of glucose.
3. * Polysaccharides
a.
Polysaccharides are giant polymers that consist of thousands of linked
______________________.
b.
What type of reaction occurs when polysaccharides are created?
c.
What kind of bonds hold the polysaccharide together?
d.
Polysaccharides have many uses:
1) Starches from a few cultivated plants—wheat, rice, corn, and potatoes—provide
most of the _______________ for the world’s population.
2) Plants convert excess sugars into ________________.
3) ____________ convert excess sugars into glycogen, which is stored in vertebrate
liver and muscle tissue.
4) Plants produce cellulose for their ___________ ___________.
e.
Give the * functions of the following polysaccharides.
1) * starch –
2) * glycogen –
3) * chitin –
4) * cellulose –
IV.
LIPIDS
A. * Lipids are _____________ compounds that include fat, oils, phospholipids, waxes, and
steroids.
B. Typically, lipids do not dissolve in __________________.
C. Lipids are primarily composed of the same elements as carbohydrates ______, ______,
_______, but lipids have way more carbon to _____________ bonds.
D. Why do fats contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates?
E. There are 4 groups of lipids
1.
2.
* Fats
a.
Fats are composed of one ____________ and 3 __________ _________.
b.
What type of reaction connects these molecules?
c.
How many water molecules are released?
d.
Fats are used for ____________ storage and ______________
* Phospholipids
a.
Contains the elements C, H, O, P.
b.
They are major components of _______ ________________.
Example:
3.
4.
V.
* Steroids
a.
Composed of four linked rings of carbon atoms.
b.
A common steroid, cholesterol, is a major component of animal cell membranes, and
it is used to form certain steroid hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone (sex
hormones).
* Waxes
a.
Composed of fatty acids and certain alcohols.
b.
Waxes form protective barriers to disease and dehydration. What are three examples
of waxes produced by organisms?
* PROTEINS
S.C.F.1.4.5
The student knows that complex interactions among the different kinds of molecules in
cells cause distinct cycles of activity governed by proteins.
The student will:
DS 4.13
Recognize that cells make proteins, which are used to maintain homeostasis in living
organisms.
A. Compounds composed of _______, ______, _______, _______, & sometimes _______.
B. All * proteins are polymers of ____________ ___________.
C. There are ______ different amino acids, BUT thousands of different kinds of proteins are
possible. How?
D. The * amino acids in protein are held together by _______________ bonds. These bonds are
formed during ____________ ______________ reactions.
E. The covalent bond holding two amino acids together is called a ______________ bond.
F.
Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds are called ________________.
G. Functions of proteins: The many structures of protein allow protein to provide many
__________________ for organisms.
1) Movement: Protein is the major component of _______________ ; protein fibers enable
contraction.
2) Structure: Proteins are a major component of the _________ _________________ and
also _____________, __________, ______________, and _______________. They form
connective fibers of bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.
3) Catalysts: _____________ speed up chemical reactions in cells. They also prevent the
build up of compounds that are not currently needed, helping the cell to maintain
biological balance or _______________________.
4) Transport: Hemoglobin, a protein, carries ____________ through blood.
5) Storage: Protein in milk stores amino acids for use by mammals.
6) Regulation: Many * hormones are proteins; insulin controls sugar in blood. Define
hormone:
Name two other hormones and give their functions.
7) Communication: Other proteins, such as * pheromones help animals of the same
species communicate with one another by smell.
8) Defense: * Antibodies are proteins that help fight off viruses, bacteria, and other foreign
invaders.
Protein Function Depends on Protein Structure
9) Proteins have many different structures and provide many different _____________.
** Structure of a Generalized amino acid
The student knows:
SC.F.1.4.6
SC.F.1.4.6
That separate parts of the body communicate with each other using electrical and/or
chemical signals.
Cell behavior can be affected by molecules from other parts of the organism or even from
other organisms.
The Student will:
DS 4.15
DS 4.16
Analyze how proteins such as enzymes, hormones, and pheromones communicate with
various body parts to directly or indirectly control body processes and responses to stimuli.
Evaluate the role of proteins in body processes, such as digestion, metabolism, and
circulation:
10.
*Pheromones are complex chemical made by animals. They are especially common among
mammals and insects. Some female insects produce pheromones that attract males when it
is time to mate. Chemists have identified the molecular structure of many of theses
pheromones and synthesized them in the laboratory. How do you think these synthetic
substitutes may be used to benefit mankind?
11.
How does this information illustrate the roles of science and technology in society?
12.
CONTEST!!!!! YOU MAY BE A WINNER!!!!!
Read page 965. Prepare a concept map or flow chart to explain how the secretion of gastric
juice in the stomach is controlled by both nervous and endocrine systems. Include in your
discussion the roles of the medulla, protein in the stomach lining, and the hormone, gastrin.
Explain how hormones released by the intestine help to maintain homeostasis of gastric
secretions.
VII.
* ENZYMES or “Living Flames”
SC.A.1.4.4 The student experiments and determines that the rates of reaction among atoms and
molecules depend on the concentration, pressure, and temperature of the reactants and
the presence of absence of catalysts.
SC.F.1.4.1 The student knows that the body processes involve specific biochemical reactions
governed by biochemical principles.
SC.F.1.4.5 The student knows that complex interactions among the different kinds of molecules in
the cell cause distinct cycles of activity governed by proteins.
DS 4.14
Examine how enzymes affect the rate of reactions in cells and how factors such as
enzyme concentration, pH, and temperature influence the rate of reactions.
A. Enzymes are important ____________ that speed up the chemical reactions of a cell to
biologically useful rates.
B. Enzymes are * catalysts, which are substances that ___________ up a chemical reaction
without being changed by the reaction.
C. Enzymes enable reactions to occur in conditions found in _______________ without the
addition of heat, which is necessary for the same reactions to occur outside organisms.
D. What are three metabolic processes that would not occur with out the presence of enzymes?
E. * Function of an Enzyme – to speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the
reaction
* Activation energy – the energy necessary to break bonds and start a reaction
* Substrate – ____________________________________________________
The place on the enzyme where the substrate attaches and where the reaction takes
place is called the enzyme’s ________ ______
** Ex. * Enzyme/substrate complex
** Graph showing how an enzyme lowers the activation energy in a reaction.
Energy
of
Reaction
Progress of the Reaction
How do enzymes lower the amount of energy necessary to get reactions started and, therefore,
speed up reaction rates?
They
soc it to the *substrates (reactants)!
** Induced Fit Theory of Enzyme Action
S
The shape of an enzyme is not rigid and unvarying, like the inside of a lock. The
enzyme can change shape as the substrate/s bond to it, squeezing the substrate/s, which
improves the fit between the enzyme and substrate/s and weakens the chemical bonds of
the substrate/s (reactants).
O
C
The enzyme also orients the substrates so they are facing the correct way.
The enzyme brings to or more reactants (substrates) close together so they can bond.
(Increases collisions of molecules)
.
** Example
Heating a chemical reaction speeds up the rate of movement of reactants (substrates) so that
they collide more frequently. As collisions increase, the reaction rate increases.
Enzymes do not increase the temperature in a cell, but they are often called “living flames,”
because they increase the rate of collisions.
F.
How do enzymes increase the rate of collisions? __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
G. Draw the reaction shown in Fig. 7.19. Label the following: enzyme, substrates, reactants,
products, enzyme-substrate complex, active site.
H. Explain the why enzymes are described as:
1) specific –
2) reusable –
3) efficient –
I. Naming enzymes: Enzymes usually end in “ase” and the root of the word is the root of the
Substrate’s name. Ex. The enzyme that helps to make maltose is called maltase.
Name the enzymes that act on the following substrates:
Sucrose ________________
Lipids _____________
Lactose ________________
Amylose _____________
J. Increased temperature, changes in pH, certain chemicals and pressure can change the
shape of an enzyme. Will an enzyme be able to function at high temperatures? Explain.
VI.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
A. Large complex molecules composed of ____, _____, ____, ____, and _______.
B. There are two kinds of nucleic acids
1)
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
2)
RNA – ribonucleic acid
C. DNA & RNA are composed of monomers called *____________________.
D. DNA codes for the production of _____________________.
SUMMARY OF CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN ORGANISMS
Fill in the missing parts of the following table by filling the blanks numbered 1-20.
.
TYPES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUND &
ELEMENTS
SUBUNITS OR
MONOMERS
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLES
CARBOHYDRATES
CHO
Monosaccharide
NA
Instant Energy
1 _________________
2___________ &
______________
Transport sugar (plant)
sucrose
3 ______________
Stored Energy (animal)
5 __________________
Cell wall (structure)
4__________________
starch
6 __________________
7 ______________ &
________________
Stored 8 __________;
Protection and insulation
Animal fat; olive oil;
And peanut oil
4 carbon rings
Regulation
10_________________
fatty acids and alcohols
11__________________
12_________________
Phospholipids
CHOP
Glycerol, phosphate
group and fatty acids
Helps to maintain the
Cell’s homeostasis
13 _________________
PROTEINS
14
__________________
15 ________________
16 ________________
Contraction
Structural
Enzymes
hemoglobin
Muscles
17_________________,
hair, nails, etc.
communication
19 Provides ________for
the synthesis of protein
DNA
Assists in the production
of proteins
20 _____
Dissacharide
Polysaccharide
LIPIDS
CHO
Fats and Oils
9 ______________
Waxes
CHNOS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
18 _________________
CHNOP
3.
Research Skills: Use books, magazines, www, etc. to research pheromones.
Describe a specific type of animal (species) that uses pheromones for communication.
Describe the response of members of the same species to the pheromone, and explain how
production of this pheromone is adaptive (promotes reproductive success) of the species.
Include a bibliography. Use one source other than your text.