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Microbiology Unit 3 Study Guide
Microbiology Unit 3 Study Guide

... from a restriction enzyme’s cut? 12. Which term describes something that is used to transport genetic material into a target organism? 13. What are the two most commonly used vectors for getting DNA into organisms? 14. How does replication of a bacterial chromosome occur? 15. How is the leading stra ...
Genetic Engineering (and other cool molecular biology techniques)
Genetic Engineering (and other cool molecular biology techniques)

... DNA Cloning • DNA cloning permits production of multiple copies of one particular gene • This gene copy will be used to produce a usable protein product (e.g. insulin) or for genetic engineering (e.g. gene for pest control inserted ...
Name: Genetics Study Guide
Name: Genetics Study Guide

... What are physical characteristics that are studied in genetics are called? The different forms of a gene are called __________. What is probability? What does a punnett square show? Be able to work punnett square problems—refer to your practice sheet. Know the difference between genotype and phenoty ...
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... When time is of the utmost importance. GenomeScan knows that in genetic testing, sometimes every day counts. With Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) we find the mutations that cause the patients’ clinical features. From DNA to report letter in 12 to 14 days! ...
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Cell Theory Quiz Study Guide Name
Cell Theory Quiz Study Guide Name

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DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation STUDY GUIDE

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GBE 214 TECNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA circulating freely in the maternal blood stream. It can be sampled by venipuncture on the mother. Analysis of cffDNA provides a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.cffDNA originates from the trophoblasts making up the placenta. It is estimated that 2-6% of the DNA in the maternal blood is fetal in origin. The fetal DNA is fragmented and makes its way into the maternal bloodstream via shedding of the placental microparticles into the maternal bloodstream (figure 1). Studies have shown that cffDNA can first be observed as early as 7 weeks gestation, and the amount of cffDNA increases as the pregnancy progresses. cffDNA diminishes quickly after the birth of the baby, so that it is no longer detectable in the maternal blood approximately 2 hours after birth. cffDNA is significantly smaller than the maternal DNA in the bloodstream, with fragments approximately 200bp in size. Many protocols to extract the fetal DNA from the maternal plasma use its size to distinguish it from the maternal DNA.Studies have looked at, and some even optimized, protocols for testing non-compatible RhD factors, sex determination for X-linked genetic disorders and testing for single gene disorders. Current studies are now looking at determining aneuploidies in the developing fetus. These protocols can be done earlier than the current prenatal testing methods, and have no risk of spontaneous abortion, unlike current prenatal testing methods. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) has been implemented in the UK and parts of the US; it has clear benefits above the standard tests of chorionic villi sample (CVS) and amniocentesis which have procedure-related miscarriage risks of about 1 in 100 pregnancies and 1 in 200 pregnancies, respectively.As a method of prenatal diagnosis, cell-free fetal DNA techniques share the same ethical and practical issues, such as the possibility of prenatal sex discernment and sex selection.
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