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federal circuit holds claims to isolated dna and to
federal circuit holds claims to isolated dna and to

... directed to isolated sequences that are identical ...
ExamView - Chap 13 Review Essay Short.tst
ExamView - Chap 13 Review Essay Short.tst

... polymerase chain reaction to make copies of the gene. Choose a plasmid that has an antibiotic-resistance genetic marker, and cut the plasmid with the same restriction enzyme used to cut out the human gene. Insert the copies of the human gene into the plasmids. Allow bacterial cells to take in the pl ...
Final Review Answer Key - Mercer Island School District
Final Review Answer Key - Mercer Island School District

... 17. Two cats both have long whiskers. They have the same phenotype for this trait. If long whiskers is a recessive trait they must also have the same genotype. However, if long whiskers is a dominant trait, they could have either a homozygous dominant or heterozygous genotype. 18. Describe what a P ...
Evidence of evolution
Evidence of evolution

Gene Technology Powerpoint
Gene Technology Powerpoint

... will typically perform a BLAST search of the human genome to see if humans carry a similar gene;. ...
Name
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... Students will learn the steps of DNA fingerprinting by creating a fingerprint in a virtual lab. They will use this fingerprint to solve a virtual crime. The virtual lab is interactive and goes through the step-by-step process of DNA fingerprinting Directions: Go to each of the websites as indicated ...
Unit 3 Biochemistry
Unit 3 Biochemistry

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Heredity,Gene Expression, and the
Heredity,Gene Expression, and the

... ● Many code for growth factors & other proteins that stimulate or regulate cell cycle. ● Tumor suppressing genes: when normal, slow & control cell growth & division. DNA Mutation of these genes may result in loss of control over cell cycle. Multiple mutations required for a full-fledged cancer cell: ...
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11_DNA is the genetic material (MRU)
11_DNA is the genetic material (MRU)

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Heredity – the passing of traits from parents to offspring
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What is Genetic Engineering?

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Gene: Usually, a section of DNA long enough to code for a protein
Gene: Usually, a section of DNA long enough to code for a protein

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Topic 2 & 3: Genetics Review

... 2.4.3 Outline how the DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand. 2.4.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complimentary base pairing and hydrogen bonds. 2.4.5 Draw a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. 2.5.1 State that DNA replication is sem ...
Biotechnology - BHSBiology-Cox
Biotechnology - BHSBiology-Cox

... • Scientists began experimenting with molecules, cells, tissues, and organs (moving away from entire organisms). WHY? • New technologies are applied to the research and development of products from plant and animal tissues ...
DNA Technology
DNA Technology

... outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA. Plasmid ...
4. Protein Synthesis and Biotechnology
4. Protein Synthesis and Biotechnology

... DNA, which is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes, contains the genetic information for encoding proteins. The DNA sequence specifying a specific protein is copied (transcribed) into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then carries this message out of the nucleus to the ribosomes located in the cytoplasm. Th ...
Fianl Exam Review
Fianl Exam Review

... a. The difference in DNA between animals, plants, bacteria… is the order of the nitrogen bases. b. The difference in DNA between animals, plants, bacteria… is the number of the nitrogen bases. c. Neither A nor B d. Both A and B 63. One codon on mRNA has how many nitrogen bases? a. 1 b. 3 c. random d ...
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Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques

... molecules do those separate. Explain the original charges of those molecules and in which direction do they move in an electric field. In other words explain the effect of charge and size on the ...
Hall of Fame, Fall 2013, Part 1
Hall of Fame, Fall 2013, Part 1

... (To the tune of “Margaritaville” by Jimmy Buffet) Ribosome starting, DNA charting. Protein synthesis needs mRNA. First get adenine Match it with thymine; Remember uracil gets in the way. Messenger RNA copies the DNA. Translation then needs to happen next. All of these genes must replicate by all mea ...
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

... Imagine that you are a mechanic. The repair manual that you use is the DNA ladder.  If you wanted to copy the instructions to install a radio in your car, would you copy the entire repair manual?  NO!!! You would only copy the portion pertaining to installing the radio. That is what transcription ...
Practice EOC Questions
Practice EOC Questions

... A. It maintains the same exact DNA from one generation to the next. B. It helps to increase genetic variation. C. It promotes more interaction between males and females of the same species. D. It helps maintain the chromosome number of the species. The correct answer is… B ...
Chapter 19 - Biology Junction
Chapter 19 - Biology Junction

... 4. What is cell differentiation? 5. IF cells carry all of the genetic differences, why then are cells so unique – what is responsible for this? ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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