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Biology Final Exam Review
Biology Final Exam Review

... membrane. Therefore, the larger the surface area of the cell membrane, the more efficiently it can take in nutrients. However, if a cell gets too big it’s volume grows faster than it’s surface area and it won’t be able to take in enough nutrients or get rid of enough waste to survive. ...
Plasmid Isolation Using Alkaline Lysis
Plasmid Isolation Using Alkaline Lysis

... free the plasmid DNA from the cell, leaving behind the E. coli chromosomal DNA with cell wall debris. The protocol described involves three basic steps: growth of bacteria and amplification of the plasmid; harvesting and lysis of the bacteria; and purification of the plasmid DNA. These purification ...
AP Biology Review Chapters 11-12 Review Questions Chapter 11
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... Genes are located on chromosomes and are the basic unit of heredity that is passed on from parent to child, through generations. a) Explain how a chromosome mutation could occur and why mutations are detrimental to the organism in which they take place. b) Explain why it is that – although there are ...
Grade 9 Science - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
Grade 9 Science - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

... 2 single-stranded chromosomes at the end of each cell. The cell membrane begins to pinch together and new nuclear membranes form. There are 2 double stranded chromosomes at each end of the cell. There are 2 cells. In each, Double stranded chromosomes are pulled apart into singles stranded chromosome ...
Biology Notes: DNA and Protein Synthesis
Biology Notes: DNA and Protein Synthesis

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... of food, weren’t always the same size. The twin who ate more food was usually larger than the twin who ate less food. L. GENETIC ENGINEERING. Today, scientists can deliberately remove genes from one organism and add them to the genetic material of another organism. This process, known as genetic en ...
Study Guide for Genetics Quiz: Structure of DNA: DNA molecules
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... Genes are located on chromosomes and are a “blueprint” or set of instructions for each trait. Each parent donates one allele for each trait to its offspring. The two alleles (versions of a gene) donated, one by each parent, together make up an offspring’s genotype for that trait (Bb). The physical e ...
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... 13. DNA base pairs that code for proteins and, therefore, are part of genes. Only 1.1-1.5% of DNA consists of these kinds of base pairs. 14. DNA base pairs that do not code for proteins and, therefore, are not part of genes. These kinds of base pairs have been referred to as "junk" DNA, however, it ...
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Introduction to Genetics - Course ON-LINE
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... Mutations are a change in the sequence of nucleotide bases. This can happen during Replication (DNA  DNA) or during Transcription (DNA  RNA). There are 3 major types of mutations: 1) Point Mutation: A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a POINT mutation (it happens at a single poi ...
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Genetic engineering - Garnet Valley School District
Genetic engineering - Garnet Valley School District

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BMS2042 Extranuclear Inheritance

... some  genes  from  organelle  genome  to  the   host  nucleus  occurred.     o   Now  host  and  reduced  endosymbiont(s)  are  mutually  dependent.     ...
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... Growth - gets bigger or adds cells or matures Reproduce - asexual or sexual; making more of one’s species Energy - organisms must make or obtain energy (food) – ‘metabolism’ Cells - all living things are made of cells or at least one cell (unicellular) Respond - responding to stimuli such as tempera ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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