Sequence Alignment - Bilkent University
... Schematic representation of the multiple alignment of the mRNAs of a microsomal glutathione transferase homolog gene with the genomic sequence. Three GenBank mRNAs (blue) align to the same genomic locus on chromosome 9, NT_008541 (red). Three ESTs that map to this locus are presented (purple), 38 ot ...
... Schematic representation of the multiple alignment of the mRNAs of a microsomal glutathione transferase homolog gene with the genomic sequence. Three GenBank mRNAs (blue) align to the same genomic locus on chromosome 9, NT_008541 (red). Three ESTs that map to this locus are presented (purple), 38 ot ...
and GvpD-mediated transcription regulation of the p
... the reason for these differences. The amino acid sequence of GvpD indicates a conserved p-loop motif near the N-terminus typical of ATP/GTP binding proteins and important for the repressor function of GvpD (Pfeifer et al., 2001). The GvpD and GvpE proteins of Hfx. mediterranei are able to interact i ...
... the reason for these differences. The amino acid sequence of GvpD indicates a conserved p-loop motif near the N-terminus typical of ATP/GTP binding proteins and important for the repressor function of GvpD (Pfeifer et al., 2001). The GvpD and GvpE proteins of Hfx. mediterranei are able to interact i ...
Ribosomal frameshifting in decoding antizyme mRNAs from yeast
... features surrounding the frameshift site. Among these are RNA pseudoknots, RNA stem-loops, conserved primary RNA sequences, nascent peptide sequences and branch-specific ‘shifty’ codons. Standard linear non-overlapping triplet decoding of certain mRNAs in diverse organisms is dynamically diverted in ...
... features surrounding the frameshift site. Among these are RNA pseudoknots, RNA stem-loops, conserved primary RNA sequences, nascent peptide sequences and branch-specific ‘shifty’ codons. Standard linear non-overlapping triplet decoding of certain mRNAs in diverse organisms is dynamically diverted in ...
Making protein (translation)
... Part II: Translation • Using the length of messenger RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. • Takes place in a ribosome. ...
... Part II: Translation • Using the length of messenger RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. • Takes place in a ribosome. ...
Deletion of a conserved noncoding sequence in Plzf intron leads to
... mouse by gene targeting leads to multiple patterning defects, including homeotic transformation of axial and limb skeleton and preaxial polydactyly (Barna et al., 2000). In addition, the males are infertile, due to deficiency of spermatogenic stem cell renewal (Buaas et al., 2004; Costoya et al., 200 ...
... mouse by gene targeting leads to multiple patterning defects, including homeotic transformation of axial and limb skeleton and preaxial polydactyly (Barna et al., 2000). In addition, the males are infertile, due to deficiency of spermatogenic stem cell renewal (Buaas et al., 2004; Costoya et al., 200 ...
Transcription regulation of the Escherichia coli pcnB gene coding for
... ppGpp and DksA in transcription regulation can be independent and even opposing (Magnusson et al. 2007; Lyzen et al. 2009; Merrikh et al. 2009). The major mechanism of direct ppGpp-mediated transcription regulation was proposed to be a decrease of stability of the promoter-RNA polymerase open comple ...
... ppGpp and DksA in transcription regulation can be independent and even opposing (Magnusson et al. 2007; Lyzen et al. 2009; Merrikh et al. 2009). The major mechanism of direct ppGpp-mediated transcription regulation was proposed to be a decrease of stability of the promoter-RNA polymerase open comple ...
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP
... role in vertebrate growth, development, proliferation and metabolic regulation. The IGF system is comprised of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II), the binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) and the cell surface receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR). Most circulating IGFs are bound to specific high affinity IGFBPs that prot ...
... role in vertebrate growth, development, proliferation and metabolic regulation. The IGF system is comprised of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II), the binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) and the cell surface receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR). Most circulating IGFs are bound to specific high affinity IGFBPs that prot ...
Appendix A: General Remarks on Handling RNA
... of Buffer RW1, the RNA is treated with DNase I while bound to the silica-gel membrane. The DNase is removed by a second wash with Buffer RW1. Washing with Buffer RPE and elution are then performed according to the standard protocols. • Generally, DNase digestion is not required since the RNeasy sili ...
... of Buffer RW1, the RNA is treated with DNase I while bound to the silica-gel membrane. The DNase is removed by a second wash with Buffer RW1. Washing with Buffer RPE and elution are then performed according to the standard protocols. • Generally, DNase digestion is not required since the RNeasy sili ...
Widespread expression of the bovine Agouti gene results from at
... expression pattern. We found no evidence of coding-region sequence variation within and between eight breeds representing a large panel of coat colour phenotypes. We detected by northern hybridization two Agouti mRNA isoforms in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and a third in skin. We chara ...
... expression pattern. We found no evidence of coding-region sequence variation within and between eight breeds representing a large panel of coat colour phenotypes. We detected by northern hybridization two Agouti mRNA isoforms in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and a third in skin. We chara ...
DNA and Genes - Buckeye Valley
... molecules of DNA are formed Semi-Conservative Replication – each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one strand that has been newly synthesized from free nucleotides ...
... molecules of DNA are formed Semi-Conservative Replication – each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one strand that has been newly synthesized from free nucleotides ...
A conserved enhancer of the human and murine Hoxa
... transplantation experiments (Guthrie et al., 1992). In invertebrates and in vertebrates there is a direct relation- ...
... transplantation experiments (Guthrie et al., 1992). In invertebrates and in vertebrates there is a direct relation- ...
Transcription
... metabolic activities. In present day cells, DNA stores information and proteins perform catalysis, with RNA as the intermediate between DNA and protein. One can imagine a time when there was no DNA or protein, just RNA performing both functions: this is the RNA World hypothesis. • Very long ago, at ...
... metabolic activities. In present day cells, DNA stores information and proteins perform catalysis, with RNA as the intermediate between DNA and protein. One can imagine a time when there was no DNA or protein, just RNA performing both functions: this is the RNA World hypothesis. • Very long ago, at ...
CRISPR-Cas9 Mouse Toolbox
... mice the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be implemented by delivering Cre and sgRNA to a Credependent mouse or sgRNA to a constitutively Cas9-expressing mouse. Described here are AAV vectors that can be combined with Cas9 in a wide range of applications. List of plasmids described below: 1. AAV:ITR-U6-sgRNA( ...
... mice the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be implemented by delivering Cre and sgRNA to a Credependent mouse or sgRNA to a constitutively Cas9-expressing mouse. Described here are AAV vectors that can be combined with Cas9 in a wide range of applications. List of plasmids described below: 1. AAV:ITR-U6-sgRNA( ...
Two enhancer regions in the mouse En-2 locus
... CNS, En-2 is expressed in cells surrounding the developing pituitary (Davis et al., 1988, 1991). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis using a polyclonal antiserum (aEnhb-1) that detects both En-1 and En-2 protein has shown that one or both genes are expressed in presumptive myoblasts within the ...
... CNS, En-2 is expressed in cells surrounding the developing pituitary (Davis et al., 1988, 1991). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis using a polyclonal antiserum (aEnhb-1) that detects both En-1 and En-2 protein has shown that one or both genes are expressed in presumptive myoblasts within the ...
Comparative analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNAs using
... va¤, Z. (2001) Di¡erentiated gene expression in cells within yeast colonies. Exp. Cell Res. 271, 296^304. [8] Meunier, J.R. and Choder, M. (1999) Saccharomyces cerevisiae colony growth and ageing: biphasic growth accompanied by changes in gene expression. Yeast 15, 1159^1169. [9] Mitchell, D.J., Her ...
... va¤, Z. (2001) Di¡erentiated gene expression in cells within yeast colonies. Exp. Cell Res. 271, 296^304. [8] Meunier, J.R. and Choder, M. (1999) Saccharomyces cerevisiae colony growth and ageing: biphasic growth accompanied by changes in gene expression. Yeast 15, 1159^1169. [9] Mitchell, D.J., Her ...
Darnell, JC, Warren, ST and Darnell, RB: The fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP, recognizes G-quartets. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 10:49-52 (2004).
... of the protein, which revealed that the FMRP harbors several RNA-binding motifs [Ashley et al., 1993; Gibson et al., 1993; Siomi et al., 1993]. These include two tandem KH domains, so named for their homology to the RNA-binding protein hnRNP-K, and a less well-defined element consisting of repeats of ...
... of the protein, which revealed that the FMRP harbors several RNA-binding motifs [Ashley et al., 1993; Gibson et al., 1993; Siomi et al., 1993]. These include two tandem KH domains, so named for their homology to the RNA-binding protein hnRNP-K, and a less well-defined element consisting of repeats of ...
Gene expression patterns in human placenta
... atrophied remnants of villi and associated fetal blood vessels. The chorion is interdigitated with maternal decidua and its associated blood vessels. The umbilical cord consists of an amniotic epithelium, two arteries, and one vein embedded in a matrix called Wharton’s Jelly. The villus parenchyma m ...
... atrophied remnants of villi and associated fetal blood vessels. The chorion is interdigitated with maternal decidua and its associated blood vessels. The umbilical cord consists of an amniotic epithelium, two arteries, and one vein embedded in a matrix called Wharton’s Jelly. The villus parenchyma m ...
- Lab Fabiana Perocchi
... & 2009 EMBO and Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1744-4292/09 ...
... & 2009 EMBO and Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1744-4292/09 ...
[PDF]
... Components of the hindbrain also show higher levels of mRNA expression early in embryogenesis (Sprecher-Levy et al., 1993). To elucidate the basis for this transcriptional control, we characterized the mouse and human promoters (Sun et al., 1997, 1998). In a variety of murine cell lines, functional ...
... Components of the hindbrain also show higher levels of mRNA expression early in embryogenesis (Sprecher-Levy et al., 1993). To elucidate the basis for this transcriptional control, we characterized the mouse and human promoters (Sun et al., 1997, 1998). In a variety of murine cell lines, functional ...
10858_2015_9967_MOESM1_ESM
... S1). Transcriptions performed in the absence of DMSO clearly show heterogeneous product formation with the main products being significantly larger than the desired RNA. Incorporation of a G (35 nt. transcript) and C (39 nt. transcript) considerably reduces the transcription of additional nucleotide ...
... S1). Transcriptions performed in the absence of DMSO clearly show heterogeneous product formation with the main products being significantly larger than the desired RNA. Incorporation of a G (35 nt. transcript) and C (39 nt. transcript) considerably reduces the transcription of additional nucleotide ...
Maneeshi Prasad
... planning, organization, and regulation. • It plays an important role in the integration of sensory and mnemonic information and the regulation of intellectual function and action. • It is also involved in working memory. • Complex mental activities require additional cortical and subcortical circuit ...
... planning, organization, and regulation. • It plays an important role in the integration of sensory and mnemonic information and the regulation of intellectual function and action. • It is also involved in working memory. • Complex mental activities require additional cortical and subcortical circuit ...
Adaptive Gene Expression Divergence Inferred from Population
... significant expression evolution show more evidence of recurrent directional selection in 39 UTRs and 39 flanking regions than expected by chance (Figure 2; Table S1). Genes with increases in expression drive this relationship. Although genes with reduced expression have more 39 UTR and flanking region ...
... significant expression evolution show more evidence of recurrent directional selection in 39 UTRs and 39 flanking regions than expected by chance (Figure 2; Table S1). Genes with increases in expression drive this relationship. Although genes with reduced expression have more 39 UTR and flanking region ...
NON-CANONICAL TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION: THE EXPANDING
... to the transcription machinery inside to alter gene expression. The central enzyme of transcription in bacteria is DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It consists of an alpha dimer that holds together the catalytic subunits and ’, and the small subunit that binds to ’. This core enzyme (2’) is c ...
... to the transcription machinery inside to alter gene expression. The central enzyme of transcription in bacteria is DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It consists of an alpha dimer that holds together the catalytic subunits and ’, and the small subunit that binds to ’. This core enzyme (2’) is c ...
First Title - Buckeye Valley
... Genes are the functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins. The creation of specific proteins involves multiple enzymes and three types of RNA. ...
... Genes are the functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins. The creation of specific proteins involves multiple enzymes and three types of RNA. ...
Antisense Transcript and RNA Processing
... polyadenylate tract, resulting in this strain being unable to conduct photosynthesis. A collection of photosynthetic revertants was obtained from D26pAtE, and gel blot hybridizations revealed RNA processing alterations in the majority of these suppressor of polyadenylation (spa) strains, resulting i ...
... polyadenylate tract, resulting in this strain being unable to conduct photosynthesis. A collection of photosynthetic revertants was obtained from D26pAtE, and gel blot hybridizations revealed RNA processing alterations in the majority of these suppressor of polyadenylation (spa) strains, resulting i ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).