Posttranscriptional Control of Chloroplast Gene Expression
... systems with chloroplast extracts (13). As it turns out, most chloroplast 3⬘ ends are produced by RNA processing rather than by transcription termination. In most cases, an endonucleolytic cleavage downstream of the mature 3⬘ end is followed by 3⬘-exonucleolytic resection to a stem-loop at the 3⬘ en ...
... systems with chloroplast extracts (13). As it turns out, most chloroplast 3⬘ ends are produced by RNA processing rather than by transcription termination. In most cases, an endonucleolytic cleavage downstream of the mature 3⬘ end is followed by 3⬘-exonucleolytic resection to a stem-loop at the 3⬘ en ...
Ribosome profiling reveals post-transcriptional buffering of divergent
... mRNA abundance and offset divergent gene expression. ...
... mRNA abundance and offset divergent gene expression. ...
Identification and Analysis of Dicer Associated Proteins in
... their target mRNAs (for review see: (Filipowicz et al., 2005)). Foremost, the 5’ end of the miRNA, e.g. nt 2 to 8, shows almost perfect complementarity to its target site, and was termed a “seed region”. Functional miRNA:mRNA interactions require continuous Watson-Crick base pairing within the seed ...
... their target mRNAs (for review see: (Filipowicz et al., 2005)). Foremost, the 5’ end of the miRNA, e.g. nt 2 to 8, shows almost perfect complementarity to its target site, and was termed a “seed region”. Functional miRNA:mRNA interactions require continuous Watson-Crick base pairing within the seed ...
A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating
... since RNA polymerase III transcription can be terminated by even a relatively short poly(U) tract9, whereas RNA polymerase II termination signals are more complex and therefore should be rarer10,11. Thus, because premature termination of transcription in the middle of the hybrid sgRN ...
... since RNA polymerase III transcription can be terminated by even a relatively short poly(U) tract9, whereas RNA polymerase II termination signals are more complex and therefore should be rarer10,11. Thus, because premature termination of transcription in the middle of the hybrid sgRN ...
A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating
... since RNA polymerase III transcription can be terminated by even a relatively short poly(U) tract9, whereas RNA polymerase II termination signals are more complex and therefore should be rarer10,11. Thus, because premature termination of transcription in the middle of the hybrid sgRN ...
... since RNA polymerase III transcription can be terminated by even a relatively short poly(U) tract9, whereas RNA polymerase II termination signals are more complex and therefore should be rarer10,11. Thus, because premature termination of transcription in the middle of the hybrid sgRN ...
13-1
... are ready to be read. These pre-mRNA molecules have bits and pieces cut out of them before they can go into action. The portions that are cut out and discarded are called introns. In eukaryotes, introns are taken out of pre-mRNA molecules while they are still in the nucleus. The remaining pieces, kn ...
... are ready to be read. These pre-mRNA molecules have bits and pieces cut out of them before they can go into action. The portions that are cut out and discarded are called introns. In eukaryotes, introns are taken out of pre-mRNA molecules while they are still in the nucleus. The remaining pieces, kn ...
FEMS Microbiology Letters
... Bacillus subtilis has natural competence, generally de¢ned as a physiological state that permits a bacterial cell to bind and take up high-molecular mass DNA [1]. Early regulatory steps in competence development are activated by two extracellular factors, ComX pheromone and competence stimulation fa ...
... Bacillus subtilis has natural competence, generally de¢ned as a physiological state that permits a bacterial cell to bind and take up high-molecular mass DNA [1]. Early regulatory steps in competence development are activated by two extracellular factors, ComX pheromone and competence stimulation fa ...
RNA Polymerases
... regulation of their transcription. Some promoters such as the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA ) and small RNA genes from the Epstein-Barr virus use only regulatory sequences upstream from their transcription start sites. The coding region of the U6 snRNA has a characteristic A box. However, this sequ ...
... regulation of their transcription. Some promoters such as the U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA ) and small RNA genes from the Epstein-Barr virus use only regulatory sequences upstream from their transcription start sites. The coding region of the U6 snRNA has a characteristic A box. However, this sequ ...
1 Tuning of recombinant protein expression in Escherichia
... translation initiation rates, which, in turn, are determined by the strengths of the promoter and of the ribosome binding site (RBS). For example, it was shown that the use of a strong RBS with a high initiation rate to overexpress proteins can lead to ribosome collisions and queuing along individua ...
... translation initiation rates, which, in turn, are determined by the strengths of the promoter and of the ribosome binding site (RBS). For example, it was shown that the use of a strong RBS with a high initiation rate to overexpress proteins can lead to ribosome collisions and queuing along individua ...
Pathogen Response Genes Mediate Caenorhabditis elegans Innate
... defense against infection, serving to detect pathogens and initiate a neutralizing response (Shivers et al. 2008; Akira et al. 2006). However, recent studies suggest a greater specificity than was initially anticipated, in that various gene classes such as lysozymes, CUB-domains, lectins, ShK-like t ...
... defense against infection, serving to detect pathogens and initiate a neutralizing response (Shivers et al. 2008; Akira et al. 2006). However, recent studies suggest a greater specificity than was initially anticipated, in that various gene classes such as lysozymes, CUB-domains, lectins, ShK-like t ...
Comparison of Statistical Models for Affymetrix GeneChip
... this does not necessarily mean that the mismatch probes are a good idea - but if they are present we should use them we have demonstrated this using both analytic considerations and experimental data a carefully designed experiment can be used to address many issues Many more genes may be expressed ...
... this does not necessarily mean that the mismatch probes are a good idea - but if they are present we should use them we have demonstrated this using both analytic considerations and experimental data a carefully designed experiment can be used to address many issues Many more genes may be expressed ...
An Introduction to RNA Interference (RNAi)
... endogenously encoded primary miRNA transcripts in the cell nucleus that are processed into precursor microRNA and then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here, the Dicer enzyme complex further processes them for RISC loading. Unlike siRNAs, mature miRNAs typically have imperfect sequence ...
... endogenously encoded primary miRNA transcripts in the cell nucleus that are processed into precursor microRNA and then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Here, the Dicer enzyme complex further processes them for RISC loading. Unlike siRNAs, mature miRNAs typically have imperfect sequence ...
Cloning and characterization of the Xenopus laevis p8 gene
... (Fig. 2c) and, given that Xp8 is localized to the nucleus, it is likely to be a transcription factor. The DNAbinding activity of human p8 is increased with phosphorylation (Encinar et al. 2001) and, while we could not identify any putative phosphorylation sites on Xp8, there were a couple of well-co ...
... (Fig. 2c) and, given that Xp8 is localized to the nucleus, it is likely to be a transcription factor. The DNAbinding activity of human p8 is increased with phosphorylation (Encinar et al. 2001) and, while we could not identify any putative phosphorylation sites on Xp8, there were a couple of well-co ...
Controlling Gene Expression in Bacteria
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
Chapter 8
... regulatory proteins that work together to regulate gene expression. The immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer has at least nine sequence elements that are protein-binding sites. ...
... regulatory proteins that work together to regulate gene expression. The immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer has at least nine sequence elements that are protein-binding sites. ...
Having it both ways: transcription factors that bind DNA and RNA
... for legitimate partners. It is in the context of this rich network of potential interactions that biomolecules must function. Thus, we might expect that individual molecules could participate in multiple, perhaps super®cially unrelated regulatory pathways. These multiple functions may be dif®cult to ...
... for legitimate partners. It is in the context of this rich network of potential interactions that biomolecules must function. Thus, we might expect that individual molecules could participate in multiple, perhaps super®cially unrelated regulatory pathways. These multiple functions may be dif®cult to ...
科技英文寫作練習
... 1. Transcriptional derepression of Survivin by ERalpha is depend on the p53-binding site on Survivin promoter. 或 Transcriptional derepression of Survivin by ERalpha is dependent on the p53-binding site on the Survivin promoter. 2. A is dependent on B, consistent with our observation that … 或 A is de ...
... 1. Transcriptional derepression of Survivin by ERalpha is depend on the p53-binding site on Survivin promoter. 或 Transcriptional derepression of Survivin by ERalpha is dependent on the p53-binding site on the Survivin promoter. 2. A is dependent on B, consistent with our observation that … 或 A is de ...
Expression Profiling of Fixed and Unfixed Tissue - Sigma
... Amplification (WTA) Kit contains reagents and protocol for producing a highly representative library from total or pre selected messenger RNA. Sample RNA including those isolated from human blood, cell culture, biopsy, or from non-human samples such as bacteria, plants and animals may serve as templ ...
... Amplification (WTA) Kit contains reagents and protocol for producing a highly representative library from total or pre selected messenger RNA. Sample RNA including those isolated from human blood, cell culture, biopsy, or from non-human samples such as bacteria, plants and animals may serve as templ ...
Argonaute2 Is Essential for Mammalian
... haploinsufficiency of Ago2 results in a partial rescue of the short-tail T/þ phenotype, demonstrating that Ago2 is a genetic modifier of T expression. As an initial investigation to determine whether Ago2 is one of the previously mapped modifiers of T expression [13], we searched the entire Ago2 gen ...
... haploinsufficiency of Ago2 results in a partial rescue of the short-tail T/þ phenotype, demonstrating that Ago2 is a genetic modifier of T expression. As an initial investigation to determine whether Ago2 is one of the previously mapped modifiers of T expression [13], we searched the entire Ago2 gen ...
PDF
... 2000; Hiratani et al., 2001). Thus, LIM-HD proteins are likely to function as a tetrameric complex with Ldb1 in a number of developmental contexts, but the mechanisms regulating the stoichiometric ratio between LIM-HD factor and Ldb1 are largely unknown. In mice, a novel regulator for the LIM-HD tra ...
... 2000; Hiratani et al., 2001). Thus, LIM-HD proteins are likely to function as a tetrameric complex with Ldb1 in a number of developmental contexts, but the mechanisms regulating the stoichiometric ratio between LIM-HD factor and Ldb1 are largely unknown. In mice, a novel regulator for the LIM-HD tra ...
A mRNA localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus
... present evidence that Xcat-2 encodes a protein that belongs to the CCHC RNA-binding family of zinc finger proteins. Xcat-2’s closest relative in this family is nanos (Wang and Lehmann, 1991). Therefore, the region of homology between nanos and Xcat-2 may be responsible for the RNAbinding activity su ...
... present evidence that Xcat-2 encodes a protein that belongs to the CCHC RNA-binding family of zinc finger proteins. Xcat-2’s closest relative in this family is nanos (Wang and Lehmann, 1991). Therefore, the region of homology between nanos and Xcat-2 may be responsible for the RNAbinding activity su ...
Foundations of Biology - Geoscience Research Institute
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿
... • the cleavage of the transcript at the termination site is after the second uridine yielding a transcript resembling the ends of synthetic siRNAs, which also contain two 3' overhanging T or U nucleotides (nt). ...
... • the cleavage of the transcript at the termination site is after the second uridine yielding a transcript resembling the ends of synthetic siRNAs, which also contain two 3' overhanging T or U nucleotides (nt). ...
B. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
... a) Nucleoli are sites of ribosomal RNA (rRNA production) synthesis and the beginning of ribosome assembly 2. Nucleolar organizing regions a) Area where many copies of rRNA genes (except 5S rRNA) are being actively transcribed 3. Ribosomal RNA is not translated VII.EUKARYOTIC ...
... a) Nucleoli are sites of ribosomal RNA (rRNA production) synthesis and the beginning of ribosome assembly 2. Nucleolar organizing regions a) Area where many copies of rRNA genes (except 5S rRNA) are being actively transcribed 3. Ribosomal RNA is not translated VII.EUKARYOTIC ...
Controlling morpholino experiments: don`t stop making antisense
... [Editorial, Nature Genetics 26(2), 129-130], that MOs could be targeted to knockdown specific gene expression both in frog (Heasman et al., 2000) and in zebrafish (Ekker, 2000; Nasevicius and Ekker, 2000). The power of MOs to test gene function was quickly recognised and applied to other organisms, ...
... [Editorial, Nature Genetics 26(2), 129-130], that MOs could be targeted to knockdown specific gene expression both in frog (Heasman et al., 2000) and in zebrafish (Ekker, 2000; Nasevicius and Ekker, 2000). The power of MOs to test gene function was quickly recognised and applied to other organisms, ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).