The role of Dby mRNA in early development of male mouse zygotes
... is selectively retained in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, and is transferred into the oocyte during fertilization by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction even though no DBY protein expression is detected. The cellular location of Dby mRNA is seen in the post-acrosome region, and it compri ...
... is selectively retained in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, and is transferred into the oocyte during fertilization by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction even though no DBY protein expression is detected. The cellular location of Dby mRNA is seen in the post-acrosome region, and it compri ...
Expression of p53 Target Genes in the Early Phase of Long
... experimental model of synaptic plasticity. We have studied the expression of at least 50 genes that are transcriptionally regulated by p53, as well as other genes that are related to p53-dependent processes, in the early phase of LTP. Within 30 min after Schaffer collaterals (SC) tetanization, incre ...
... experimental model of synaptic plasticity. We have studied the expression of at least 50 genes that are transcriptionally regulated by p53, as well as other genes that are related to p53-dependent processes, in the early phase of LTP. Within 30 min after Schaffer collaterals (SC) tetanization, incre ...
PDF 743ko
... However, the identity of the ‘organ forming substances’ remained mysterious until specific cortical mRNAs with developmental effects and the molecular nature of the first determinant (for muscle differentiation) were discovered (Nishida and Sawada, ...
... However, the identity of the ‘organ forming substances’ remained mysterious until specific cortical mRNAs with developmental effects and the molecular nature of the first determinant (for muscle differentiation) were discovered (Nishida and Sawada, ...
Differential Gene Expression in the Siphonophore
... workflows: SOLiD SAGE (Life Technologies), Illumina mRNASeq, and Helicos Digital Gene Expression (DGE). These workflows differ in sample preparation protocols (Figure S1), sequencing platform, and read mapping. All these differences have the potential to impact each workflow’s ability to measure dif ...
... workflows: SOLiD SAGE (Life Technologies), Illumina mRNASeq, and Helicos Digital Gene Expression (DGE). These workflows differ in sample preparation protocols (Figure S1), sequencing platform, and read mapping. All these differences have the potential to impact each workflow’s ability to measure dif ...
Control of human β-globin mRNA stability and its impact on beta
... erythroid cells, which allow co-expression of α- and bglobin proteins to reach high levels. Human globin gene expression is a highly regulated process requiring transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls. Although the mechanisms involved in regulation of α-globin mRNA stability have been char ...
... erythroid cells, which allow co-expression of α- and bglobin proteins to reach high levels. Human globin gene expression is a highly regulated process requiring transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls. Although the mechanisms involved in regulation of α-globin mRNA stability have been char ...
Notch activity induces Nodal expression and mediates the
... 3H). Taken together, our results show that there are two conserved RBPjk recognition sites in the Nodal promoter, and that both sites are required for perinodal expression of Nodal in the mouse embryo. One of the earliest determinants of LR establishment in the chick embryo is the left-sided express ...
... 3H). Taken together, our results show that there are two conserved RBPjk recognition sites in the Nodal promoter, and that both sites are required for perinodal expression of Nodal in the mouse embryo. One of the earliest determinants of LR establishment in the chick embryo is the left-sided express ...
M2 RNA Pol Ⅰ genes
... 1. Which one of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II and III is false? A RNA Pol II is very sensitive toα-amanitin. B RNA Pol II is located in th~ nucleoplasm. C RNA Pol III transcribes th~ genes for tRNA. D eukaryotic cells contain other RNA polymerases in addition to RNA ...
... 1. Which one of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II and III is false? A RNA Pol II is very sensitive toα-amanitin. B RNA Pol II is located in th~ nucleoplasm. C RNA Pol III transcribes th~ genes for tRNA. D eukaryotic cells contain other RNA polymerases in addition to RNA ...
Histones - scientia.global
... Histone mRNAs are synthesised in a distinct subcompartment of the nucleus, termed the histone locus body (HLB), that concentrates many of the factors that are required for histone mRNA biosynthesis. As mentioned above, the protein FLASH and U7 snRNP are components of the HLB that participate in 3′ p ...
... Histone mRNAs are synthesised in a distinct subcompartment of the nucleus, termed the histone locus body (HLB), that concentrates many of the factors that are required for histone mRNA biosynthesis. As mentioned above, the protein FLASH and U7 snRNP are components of the HLB that participate in 3′ p ...
Transcription
... initiation efficiency. 4. The sequence of the first 30 bases to be transcribed controls the rate at which the RNA polymerase clears the promoter, hence influences the rate of the transcription and the overall promoter strength. ...
... initiation efficiency. 4. The sequence of the first 30 bases to be transcribed controls the rate at which the RNA polymerase clears the promoter, hence influences the rate of the transcription and the overall promoter strength. ...
XASH genes promote neurogenesis in Xenopus embryos
... To determine whether XASH-3 promotes neural development in Xenopus embryos, we investigated whether XASH-3 can activate neural genes in ectoderm by injecting Xenopus embryos with XASH-3 RNA, along with RNA encoding the promiscuous bHLH heterodimer partner XE12. Ectodermal caps isolated from these em ...
... To determine whether XASH-3 promotes neural development in Xenopus embryos, we investigated whether XASH-3 can activate neural genes in ectoderm by injecting Xenopus embryos with XASH-3 RNA, along with RNA encoding the promiscuous bHLH heterodimer partner XE12. Ectodermal caps isolated from these em ...
Dynamic Model of Paclitaxel Biosynthesis Suggests That the Key
... pathway is composed of two alternative compartmental pathways: MVA pathway in cytosol and MEP/DXP pathway in plastid. ...
... pathway is composed of two alternative compartmental pathways: MVA pathway in cytosol and MEP/DXP pathway in plastid. ...
IMPROVE SMALL RNA-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING
... RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a Dicer-like (DCL) protein recognize and process that dsRNA into different classes of siRNAs from which one strand is then ...
... RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), a Dicer-like (DCL) protein recognize and process that dsRNA into different classes of siRNAs from which one strand is then ...
Lecture 7
... Alan Turing-a father of computational sciences In 1952 publishes a paper entitled “A. M. Turing on the chemical basis of ...
... Alan Turing-a father of computational sciences In 1952 publishes a paper entitled “A. M. Turing on the chemical basis of ...
RNA-based life forms
... from the prebiotic mixture, or at least favoured their polymerisation should they be formed at low concentration. The second hypothesis is that a genetic system prior to RNA effectively brought some order to the prebiotic chemicals and then later led onto the RNA world via a mechanism possibly simil ...
... from the prebiotic mixture, or at least favoured their polymerisation should they be formed at low concentration. The second hypothesis is that a genetic system prior to RNA effectively brought some order to the prebiotic chemicals and then later led onto the RNA world via a mechanism possibly simil ...
Protein synthesis 2 - Pima Community College : Directories
... 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation – Elongation is the addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain – Each cycle of elongation has three steps 1. Codon recognition: next tRNA binds to the mRNA at the A ...
... 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation – Elongation is the addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain – Each cycle of elongation has three steps 1. Codon recognition: next tRNA binds to the mRNA at the A ...
The Long Noncoding RNA CHRF Regulates Cardiac Hypertrophy
... response of cardiomyocytes partially through a toll-like receptor 4–mediated, Myd88-dependent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway.14 However, it is not yet clear whether Myd88 is a target of miRNAs in the hypertrophic machinery. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed RNA molecules >200 nucleot ...
... response of cardiomyocytes partially through a toll-like receptor 4–mediated, Myd88-dependent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway.14 However, it is not yet clear whether Myd88 is a target of miRNAs in the hypertrophic machinery. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed RNA molecules >200 nucleot ...
Chpt12_RNAProcessing.doc
... Figure 3.3.3. The ends of tRNA in E. coli are produced by the action of three nucleases that cleave the precursor to tRNA. A schematic of the pre-tRNA is shown at the top, with RNA extending from the 5’ and 3’ ends of the RNA that will become the mature tRNA (shown as a cloverleaf). The site of clea ...
... Figure 3.3.3. The ends of tRNA in E. coli are produced by the action of three nucleases that cleave the precursor to tRNA. A schematic of the pre-tRNA is shown at the top, with RNA extending from the 5’ and 3’ ends of the RNA that will become the mature tRNA (shown as a cloverleaf). The site of clea ...
Knockdown of Parhyale Ultrabithorax - IMBB
... developed a strategy to knock down gene function during Parhayle development using injection of siRNAs, a technique effective in several diverse animal taxa. To demonstrate the efficacy of this technique in Parhyale, we chose the Dll gene as a positive control. Dll and its vertebrate homologs, the D ...
... developed a strategy to knock down gene function during Parhayle development using injection of siRNAs, a technique effective in several diverse animal taxa. To demonstrate the efficacy of this technique in Parhyale, we chose the Dll gene as a positive control. Dll and its vertebrate homologs, the D ...
Protein expression pattern in cerebellum of Cav2.1 mutant, tottering
... tems), 2 µl cDNA (500 ng/µl), 1 µl forward primer (10 pM/µl), and 1µl reverse primer (10 pM/µl). PCR was performed with an initial denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles, each comprising 95°C for 5 s and 60°C for 30 s. All samples were analyzed in duplicate, and the threshold cycle (Ct ...
... tems), 2 µl cDNA (500 ng/µl), 1 µl forward primer (10 pM/µl), and 1µl reverse primer (10 pM/µl). PCR was performed with an initial denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles, each comprising 95°C for 5 s and 60°C for 30 s. All samples were analyzed in duplicate, and the threshold cycle (Ct ...
Identification of novel endogenous antisense transcripts by DNA
... by microarray analysis using AFAS probes are transcribed in vivo. We also analyzed the expression of Aard (alanine- and arginine-rich domain-containing protein), which is a functionally uncharacterized gene but is known to be expressed within the adult testis and XY fetal gonad [35]. In humans, exon ...
... by microarray analysis using AFAS probes are transcribed in vivo. We also analyzed the expression of Aard (alanine- and arginine-rich domain-containing protein), which is a functionally uncharacterized gene but is known to be expressed within the adult testis and XY fetal gonad [35]. In humans, exon ...
Aminoacylated tmRNA from Escherichia coli interacts with
... Structural analyses based on phylogenetic (Felden et al+, 1996; Williams & Bartel, 1996) and probing (Felden et al+, 1997; Hickerson et al+, 1998) data have led to a compact secondary structure model of E. coli tmRNA+ These molecules have structural similarities with canonical tRNAs, especially with ...
... Structural analyses based on phylogenetic (Felden et al+, 1996; Williams & Bartel, 1996) and probing (Felden et al+, 1997; Hickerson et al+, 1998) data have led to a compact secondary structure model of E. coli tmRNA+ These molecules have structural similarities with canonical tRNAs, especially with ...
Off-target Effects: Disturbing the Silence of RNA
... RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism that can be mediated by endogenously encoded small RNA molecules (microRNAs), or synthetic duplexes referred to as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In both cases, these molecules partner with the RNA Induced Silencing Comple ...
... RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism that can be mediated by endogenously encoded small RNA molecules (microRNAs), or synthetic duplexes referred to as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In both cases, these molecules partner with the RNA Induced Silencing Comple ...
pdf
... (1) The 3'-OH of the guanine nucleotide is the nucleophile that attacks and joins to the 5' phosphate of the first nucleotide of the intron. (2) This leaves the 3'-OH of the last nucleotide of the upstream exon available to attack and join the 5' phosphate of the first nucleotide of the downstream e ...
... (1) The 3'-OH of the guanine nucleotide is the nucleophile that attacks and joins to the 5' phosphate of the first nucleotide of the intron. (2) This leaves the 3'-OH of the last nucleotide of the upstream exon available to attack and join the 5' phosphate of the first nucleotide of the downstream e ...
Tissue- and Development-specific Expression of Multiple
... nNOSc that are spliced to this newly identified 30-bp domain of the second exon (Fig. 1). The newly identified unique first exons of nNOSa, nNOSb, and nNOSc are 442, 134, and 151 bp in length, respectively. RT-PCR with isoform-specific sense and antisense primers located at various positions of the ...
... nNOSc that are spliced to this newly identified 30-bp domain of the second exon (Fig. 1). The newly identified unique first exons of nNOSa, nNOSb, and nNOSc are 442, 134, and 151 bp in length, respectively. RT-PCR with isoform-specific sense and antisense primers located at various positions of the ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).