The Protein Cevalently Linked to the 5'... of Poliovirus RNA by Victor Robert Ambros
... B. Poliovirus binding and alteration by host cells...... 7 C. Virus-host interactions .............................. 9 D. Viral RNA synthesis ................................. 11 E. Synthesis and processing of poliovirus pr-teins..... 12 ...
... B. Poliovirus binding and alteration by host cells...... 7 C. Virus-host interactions .............................. 9 D. Viral RNA synthesis ................................. 11 E. Synthesis and processing of poliovirus pr-teins..... 12 ...
The Bacterial Toxin RelE Displays Codon
... of peptide synthesis was reduced to about 10% of the rate of the uninhibited reaction (Figure 1A). Since the concentrations of all translation factors were higher than that of ribosomes, this implies that one RelE molecule can inhibit many target molecules in a catalytic mode of action. Next, we com ...
... of peptide synthesis was reduced to about 10% of the rate of the uninhibited reaction (Figure 1A). Since the concentrations of all translation factors were higher than that of ribosomes, this implies that one RelE molecule can inhibit many target molecules in a catalytic mode of action. Next, we com ...
If so, is trkB mRNA in SNB motor neurons
... Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine receptor kinase b (trkB) by androgens in the motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) Erich N. Ottem, Laurel A. Beck, S. Marc Breedlove, and Cynthia L. Jordan Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Ea ...
... Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine receptor kinase b (trkB) by androgens in the motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) Erich N. Ottem, Laurel A. Beck, S. Marc Breedlove, and Cynthia L. Jordan Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Ea ...
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... 1999) and flies (Azpiazu and Frasch 1993). This high level of functional conservation suggests that the underlying transcriptional circuitry governing VM development may also be conserved. To date, most progress has been made in elucidating the genetic program required for VM development in Drosophi ...
... 1999) and flies (Azpiazu and Frasch 1993). This high level of functional conservation suggests that the underlying transcriptional circuitry governing VM development may also be conserved. To date, most progress has been made in elucidating the genetic program required for VM development in Drosophi ...
A caudal mRNA gradient controls posterior development in the wasp
... master organizer of anterior development in Drosophila and higher dipterans, which is not conserved. Thus, the study of anteroposterior patterning in insects that lack Bicoid can provide insight into the evolution of the diversity of body plan patterning networks. To this end, we have established th ...
... master organizer of anterior development in Drosophila and higher dipterans, which is not conserved. Thus, the study of anteroposterior patterning in insects that lack Bicoid can provide insight into the evolution of the diversity of body plan patterning networks. To this end, we have established th ...
Mouse Lefty2 and Zebrafish Antivin Are Feedback
... The Nodal signaling pathway has not been analyzed at the biochemical level, but genetic studies indicate that Nodal signals might act via Activin-like receptors (Oh and Li, 1997; Gu et al., 1998; Gritsman et al., 1999; reviewed in Harland and Gerhart, 1997; Massague, 1998). Additional complexity in ...
... The Nodal signaling pathway has not been analyzed at the biochemical level, but genetic studies indicate that Nodal signals might act via Activin-like receptors (Oh and Li, 1997; Gu et al., 1998; Gritsman et al., 1999; reviewed in Harland and Gerhart, 1997; Massague, 1998). Additional complexity in ...
Par-1
... machinery Many components of RNAi machinery have been identified through genetic screening for RNAi defective mutants and through biochemical studies using cell extracts (e.g. Drosophila embryo extract). ...
... machinery Many components of RNAi machinery have been identified through genetic screening for RNAi defective mutants and through biochemical studies using cell extracts (e.g. Drosophila embryo extract). ...
Pseudomon-1 motif
... RNA, its source, or its associated genes. Thus, motifs present only in metagenome data are named after the environment from which they were identified, e.g., “whalefall-1 motif”. Similarly, some motifs are named after their exclusive or predominant taxon, e.g., “Bacteroidales-1 motif”. Cis-regulator ...
... RNA, its source, or its associated genes. Thus, motifs present only in metagenome data are named after the environment from which they were identified, e.g., “whalefall-1 motif”. Similarly, some motifs are named after their exclusive or predominant taxon, e.g., “Bacteroidales-1 motif”. Cis-regulator ...
The Nodal Pathway Acts Upstream of Hedgehog
... from midsomite stages, an additional domain of nk2.1b expression is initiated in the ventral telencephalon (Figure 2F), and expression fades in the hypothalamus (Figure 2H). In contrast, nk2.1a expression in the hypothalamus remains robust, but no transcripts are detected in the ventral telencephalo ...
... from midsomite stages, an additional domain of nk2.1b expression is initiated in the ventral telencephalon (Figure 2F), and expression fades in the hypothalamus (Figure 2H). In contrast, nk2.1a expression in the hypothalamus remains robust, but no transcripts are detected in the ventral telencephalo ...
Multiple RNA regulatory elements mediate distinct
... Pattern formation in the early development of many organisms relies on localized cytoplasmic proteins, which can be prelocalized as mRNAs. The Drosophila oskar gene, required both for posterior body patterning and germ cell determination, encodes one such mRNA. Localization of oskar mRNA is an elabo ...
... Pattern formation in the early development of many organisms relies on localized cytoplasmic proteins, which can be prelocalized as mRNAs. The Drosophila oskar gene, required both for posterior body patterning and germ cell determination, encodes one such mRNA. Localization of oskar mRNA is an elabo ...
Isolation and characterization of an RNA that binds with high affinity
... The expression of genes encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is regulated by the interaction of cellular factors and a viral trans-activator protein, Tat, with specific regulatory elements in the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1 (Gaynor, 1992). The HIV1 regulatory protein Tat bi ...
... The expression of genes encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is regulated by the interaction of cellular factors and a viral trans-activator protein, Tat, with specific regulatory elements in the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1 (Gaynor, 1992). The HIV1 regulatory protein Tat bi ...
ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 Regulates Female Meiosis By
... the SWR1 ATPase, enhance complex function (Mizuguchi et al., 2004). Homologs of all yeast and 11 human SWR1 subunits have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (March-Díaz and Reyes, 2009; Meagher et al., 2009), indicating that Arabidopsis has the SWR1 complex. Additionally, H2A.Z deposition at man ...
... the SWR1 ATPase, enhance complex function (Mizuguchi et al., 2004). Homologs of all yeast and 11 human SWR1 subunits have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (March-Díaz and Reyes, 2009; Meagher et al., 2009), indicating that Arabidopsis has the SWR1 complex. Additionally, H2A.Z deposition at man ...
Gene replacement with the human BRCA1 locus
... To date, there have been no eective strategies to replace BRCA1 functionality in vivo. The process is complicated by cellular senescence or apoptosis in many cells engineered to overexpress the BRCA1 cDNA from heterologous promoters (Aprelikova et al., 1999; Shao et al., 1996; Wilson et al., 1997; ...
... To date, there have been no eective strategies to replace BRCA1 functionality in vivo. The process is complicated by cellular senescence or apoptosis in many cells engineered to overexpress the BRCA1 cDNA from heterologous promoters (Aprelikova et al., 1999; Shao et al., 1996; Wilson et al., 1997; ...
Next Generation Quantitative PCR
... abm's OneScript® abm's OneScript® Plus LifeTech's SuperScript III NEB's M-MuLV H Minus Thermo's Maxima ...
... abm's OneScript® abm's OneScript® Plus LifeTech's SuperScript III NEB's M-MuLV H Minus Thermo's Maxima ...
SPATULA, a bHLH carpel development gene
... Initial mapping and generation of recombination markers The SPT locus is less than one map unit below APETALA2 (AP2) on chromosome 4 (Alvarez and Smyth, 1999). Six marked recombination points between AP2 and SPT were generated by crossing ap2-2 spt2 double mutants in the Landsberg erecta ecotype to ...
... Initial mapping and generation of recombination markers The SPT locus is less than one map unit below APETALA2 (AP2) on chromosome 4 (Alvarez and Smyth, 1999). Six marked recombination points between AP2 and SPT were generated by crossing ap2-2 spt2 double mutants in the Landsberg erecta ecotype to ...
Gbx2 is required for the morphogenesis of the mouse inner ear
... homozygous mutant embryos were analyzed, and a repertoire of phenotypes was observed. We divided the specimens into four categories (I, II, III and IV), based on the severity of the phenotype (Fig. 2, Table 1). Overall, Gbx2 mutant inner ears are usually missing the endolymphatic duct (Table 1, n=18 ...
... homozygous mutant embryos were analyzed, and a repertoire of phenotypes was observed. We divided the specimens into four categories (I, II, III and IV), based on the severity of the phenotype (Fig. 2, Table 1). Overall, Gbx2 mutant inner ears are usually missing the endolymphatic duct (Table 1, n=18 ...
Cold-induced silencing by long antisense transcripts of an
... in occupancy of RNA polII at FLC. This, together with the fact that COOLAIR transcripts extend beyond the transcription start site of FLC, indicates that antisense transcription might contribute to FLC transcriptional repression through promoter interference (Fig. 4d). A similar cold-induced transcr ...
... in occupancy of RNA polII at FLC. This, together with the fact that COOLAIR transcripts extend beyond the transcription start site of FLC, indicates that antisense transcription might contribute to FLC transcriptional repression through promoter interference (Fig. 4d). A similar cold-induced transcr ...
Disruption and aberrant expression of HMGA2 as a
... HMGA2. The breakpoints in the gene are typically located in introns 3 or 4, with the translated truncated products predicted to retain the AT hooks but to have lost the C-terminal acidic domain. In addition to direct truncation by gene fusion, several chromosomal translocations involving HMGA2 have ...
... HMGA2. The breakpoints in the gene are typically located in introns 3 or 4, with the translated truncated products predicted to retain the AT hooks but to have lost the C-terminal acidic domain. In addition to direct truncation by gene fusion, several chromosomal translocations involving HMGA2 have ...
488KB - The Doudna Lab - University of California, Berkeley
... Dicer enzymes are a specialized family of RNase III proteins that produce and help traffic small dsRNAs during RNA interference (RNAi)1. Found in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, Dicer recognizes the 5¢ and 3¢ helical ends of dsRNA and cleaves a specific distance away to produce 21– to ...
... Dicer enzymes are a specialized family of RNase III proteins that produce and help traffic small dsRNAs during RNA interference (RNAi)1. Found in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, Dicer recognizes the 5¢ and 3¢ helical ends of dsRNA and cleaves a specific distance away to produce 21– to ...
MEF2 activity during embryogenesis - Development
... for the MEF2 family in neuronal differentiation. The cell type distribution of MEF2 activity has been controversial. Some studies have reported that MEF2 DNAbinding activity is restricted to muscle cells (Gossett et al., 1989; Cserjesi et al., 1991; Yu et al., 1992; Breitbart et al., 1993), whereas ...
... for the MEF2 family in neuronal differentiation. The cell type distribution of MEF2 activity has been controversial. Some studies have reported that MEF2 DNAbinding activity is restricted to muscle cells (Gossett et al., 1989; Cserjesi et al., 1991; Yu et al., 1992; Breitbart et al., 1993), whereas ...
RNA Editing, ADAR1, and the Innate Immune Response
... known that A-to-I editing occurs to a much greater extent in human cells than in mice due to the high content of the repeat sequences in the human genome [68], such as the Alu element, which only exists in primates. Therefore, the pathogenesis of diseases caused by errors in RNA editing might be mor ...
... known that A-to-I editing occurs to a much greater extent in human cells than in mice due to the high content of the repeat sequences in the human genome [68], such as the Alu element, which only exists in primates. Therefore, the pathogenesis of diseases caused by errors in RNA editing might be mor ...
Nonsensemediated decay of glutathione peroxidase 1 mRNA in the
... site, i.e. 105 bp downstream of the codons (Figure 1; data not shown for TGA), and the cellular site of NMD remained cytoplasmic (data not shown). Therefore, GPx1 mRNA is not an exception to the rule for termination codon position within intron-containing genes, which states that nonsense codons loc ...
... site, i.e. 105 bp downstream of the codons (Figure 1; data not shown for TGA), and the cellular site of NMD remained cytoplasmic (data not shown). Therefore, GPx1 mRNA is not an exception to the rule for termination codon position within intron-containing genes, which states that nonsense codons loc ...
informe tecnológico de patentes
... disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (Htt). Suppression of Htt expression, using RNA interference, might be an effective therapy. However, if reduction of wild-type protein is not well tolerated in the brain, it may be necessary to suppress just the product of the mutant al ...
... disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (Htt). Suppression of Htt expression, using RNA interference, might be an effective therapy. However, if reduction of wild-type protein is not well tolerated in the brain, it may be necessary to suppress just the product of the mutant al ...
RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis
... and/or nitrogen during tryptophan formation. Two of the tryptophan pathway enzymes scription initiation is regulated by a often function as polypeptide complexes: anthranilate synthase, consisting of the TrpG DNA-binding protein, the L-tryptoand TrpE polypeptides, and tryptophan synthase, consisting ...
... and/or nitrogen during tryptophan formation. Two of the tryptophan pathway enzymes scription initiation is regulated by a often function as polypeptide complexes: anthranilate synthase, consisting of the TrpG DNA-binding protein, the L-tryptoand TrpE polypeptides, and tryptophan synthase, consisting ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY A profusion of upstream open reading
... sequester the intracellular pool of antizyme which leads to more free ODC protein, higher ODC activity and higher levels of polyamines (Figure 2). Mammals have two paralogs of AZI which have diverged from ODC in two independent lineages. The more abundant paralog, also known as AZI1, is present in a ...
... sequester the intracellular pool of antizyme which leads to more free ODC protein, higher ODC activity and higher levels of polyamines (Figure 2). Mammals have two paralogs of AZI which have diverged from ODC in two independent lineages. The more abundant paralog, also known as AZI1, is present in a ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).