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... expansion remains largely unclear. In recent years, plant breeders have worked with polyploids in mulberry and several artificially generated polyploids with “larger” mulberry characteristics have been reported [12–14]. Hence, we sought to investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms for t ...
... expansion remains largely unclear. In recent years, plant breeders have worked with polyploids in mulberry and several artificially generated polyploids with “larger” mulberry characteristics have been reported [12–14]. Hence, we sought to investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms for t ...
A receptor like kinase gene with expressional responsiveness on
... Previous reports have shown that the genes, OsKS4(LOC_Os04g10060) and Os04g10010(LOC_Os04g10010), function as marker genes involved for the downstream responses associated PTI (Park et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2014a). Thus, we asked whether these two genes in Xa21 plants are also responsive to Xoo. For ...
... Previous reports have shown that the genes, OsKS4(LOC_Os04g10060) and Os04g10010(LOC_Os04g10010), function as marker genes involved for the downstream responses associated PTI (Park et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2014a). Thus, we asked whether these two genes in Xa21 plants are also responsive to Xoo. For ...
Genetic Profiling of Changes Underlying Different Sized Human
... development of tears, as they may reflect a disruption in the balance between ECM synthesis and degradation. Aggrecan was specifically upregulated in massive tears, suggesting a potentially important role for chondroplasia in the pathogenesis of massive tears. BMP-5 upregulation may contribute to th ...
... development of tears, as they may reflect a disruption in the balance between ECM synthesis and degradation. Aggrecan was specifically upregulated in massive tears, suggesting a potentially important role for chondroplasia in the pathogenesis of massive tears. BMP-5 upregulation may contribute to th ...
Archaeal Transcription Initiation - IMBB
... specific transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, and eucaryal transcription initiation may be less dependent on TAFs and auxiliary transcription factors than was previously thought (Tyree et al., 1993). The archaeal TBPs have primary sequences that are z40% identical to the sequences of eucar ...
... specific transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, and eucaryal transcription initiation may be less dependent on TAFs and auxiliary transcription factors than was previously thought (Tyree et al., 1993). The archaeal TBPs have primary sequences that are z40% identical to the sequences of eucar ...
Were Giant Viruses the First Life on Earth? | Simons Foundation
... modern viruses, they need to parasitize a living cell, not just another strand of RNA. Dolja disagrees, saying that cells could not have evolved without viruses. “In order to move from RNA to DNA, you need an enzyme called reverse transcriptase,” Dolja said. “It’s only found in viruses like HIV, not ...
... modern viruses, they need to parasitize a living cell, not just another strand of RNA. Dolja disagrees, saying that cells could not have evolved without viruses. “In order to move from RNA to DNA, you need an enzyme called reverse transcriptase,” Dolja said. “It’s only found in viruses like HIV, not ...
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
... some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication. As in DNA replication, RNA is synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction (from the point of view of the growing RNA transcript) ...
... some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication. As in DNA replication, RNA is synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction (from the point of view of the growing RNA transcript) ...
to the reprint.
... neural retina and three chicken homologs of the Xenopus "anterior neural fold" (Xanf-1) in cDNA from anterior eye tissue. Dlx transcripts were mapped by in situ hybridization. Expression began at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 14 (E2.5) and was widely distributed in embryonic mesenchyme on E3 and E4. ...
... neural retina and three chicken homologs of the Xenopus "anterior neural fold" (Xanf-1) in cDNA from anterior eye tissue. Dlx transcripts were mapped by in situ hybridization. Expression began at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 14 (E2.5) and was widely distributed in embryonic mesenchyme on E3 and E4. ...
Document
... Sets of three 3 nucleotides (codons) in an mRNA molecule are translated into amino acids AA in the course of protein synthesis according to the rules shown. The codons G U G and GAG, for example, are translated into valine and glutamic acid, respectively. Note that those codons with specify the more ...
... Sets of three 3 nucleotides (codons) in an mRNA molecule are translated into amino acids AA in the course of protein synthesis according to the rules shown. The codons G U G and GAG, for example, are translated into valine and glutamic acid, respectively. Note that those codons with specify the more ...
Aphelenchoides besseyi
... many other crops. Fatty acid and retinoid binding protein (FAR) is a specific protein in nematodes and is related to development, reproduction, infection to the host, and disruption of plant defense reactions, so the inhibition of FAR function is the potential approach to control A. besseyi. The ful ...
... many other crops. Fatty acid and retinoid binding protein (FAR) is a specific protein in nematodes and is related to development, reproduction, infection to the host, and disruption of plant defense reactions, so the inhibition of FAR function is the potential approach to control A. besseyi. The ful ...
Application of Bruchin B to pea pods results in
... results in callus formation. The calli formed on np/np pods are much smaller than those seen on Np/Np pods and much of their mass results from cell enlargement rather than cell division; however, the minimum dose required to elicit a response on pods of either genotype appears to be about the same ( ...
... results in callus formation. The calli formed on np/np pods are much smaller than those seen on Np/Np pods and much of their mass results from cell enlargement rather than cell division; however, the minimum dose required to elicit a response on pods of either genotype appears to be about the same ( ...
Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding
... clones analyzed contained the 138 amino acid coding regions of their respective mature proteins, but only partial sequences of the signal peptides. Minor differences between the nucleotide sequences for clones belonging to the same class were detected. Comparison of the amino acid sequence for PR-la ...
... clones analyzed contained the 138 amino acid coding regions of their respective mature proteins, but only partial sequences of the signal peptides. Minor differences between the nucleotide sequences for clones belonging to the same class were detected. Comparison of the amino acid sequence for PR-la ...
Genetic enhancers
... significant ways to the fitness of the worm in nature, perhaps under particular environmental conditions, but the mild effects of knockout mutations make it difficult to study the specific roles of these genes. An obvious challenge is to determine what all these additional genes are doing. Many gene ...
... significant ways to the fitness of the worm in nature, perhaps under particular environmental conditions, but the mild effects of knockout mutations make it difficult to study the specific roles of these genes. An obvious challenge is to determine what all these additional genes are doing. Many gene ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... affects microtubule dynamics by restricting PAR-3 activity to the anterior of the embryo. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAR proteins function to regulate microtubule dynamics at the cortex during microtubule-dependent cellular processes. Introduction The C. elegans par genes were identifi ...
... affects microtubule dynamics by restricting PAR-3 activity to the anterior of the embryo. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAR proteins function to regulate microtubule dynamics at the cortex during microtubule-dependent cellular processes. Introduction The C. elegans par genes were identifi ...
Gene expression analysis to evaluate the effect of p38 specific
... Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a toxin secreted by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and causes a person to have symptoms of food poisoning. These flu-like symptoms, if overlooked for a prolonged period of time, can cause a lot of harm to a person, and possibly lead to death. S. aureus is f ...
... Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a toxin secreted by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and causes a person to have symptoms of food poisoning. These flu-like symptoms, if overlooked for a prolonged period of time, can cause a lot of harm to a person, and possibly lead to death. S. aureus is f ...
Genes
... fragmentation of an ortholog into two smaller ORFs. For the bottom most 11L ortholog showed in the above diagram is showed to have several large in-frame deletions in the gene when compared to the aligned genomes. Fusion between MGF 110 – 13L amino terminus and 11L carboxy terminus separated by dele ...
... fragmentation of an ortholog into two smaller ORFs. For the bottom most 11L ortholog showed in the above diagram is showed to have several large in-frame deletions in the gene when compared to the aligned genomes. Fusion between MGF 110 – 13L amino terminus and 11L carboxy terminus separated by dele ...
Transcription
... Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus Ribosomes consist of proteins and RNA (more in Felix and ...
... Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus Ribosomes consist of proteins and RNA (more in Felix and ...
Historical Development of the Concept of the Gene
... The chromosome theory of inheritance developed as a precise theory due to the work of the Morgan school. They observed (Morgan et al., 1915; Morgan, 1919) that the number of linkage groups (i.e., the group of genes that show linkage during genetic transmission, or in other words do not obey the law ...
... The chromosome theory of inheritance developed as a precise theory due to the work of the Morgan school. They observed (Morgan et al., 1915; Morgan, 1919) that the number of linkage groups (i.e., the group of genes that show linkage during genetic transmission, or in other words do not obey the law ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Inducible Genes
... (b) Lactose present, glucose present (cAMP level low): little lac mRNA synthesized. When glucose is present, cAMP is scarce, and CAP is unable to stimulate transcription. Figure 18.23b ...
... (b) Lactose present, glucose present (cAMP level low): little lac mRNA synthesized. When glucose is present, cAMP is scarce, and CAP is unable to stimulate transcription. Figure 18.23b ...
A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating
... domain to the reporter genes in yeast three-hybrid necessitates three different binding interactions (e.g., DNA LexA sites • LexADBD–MCP • MS2 RNA–X • Y–GAD). In contrast, the CARRY two-hybrid system uses CRISPR/dCas9 to directly target RNA to DNA. By reducing ...
... domain to the reporter genes in yeast three-hybrid necessitates three different binding interactions (e.g., DNA LexA sites • LexADBD–MCP • MS2 RNA–X • Y–GAD). In contrast, the CARRY two-hybrid system uses CRISPR/dCas9 to directly target RNA to DNA. By reducing ...
A CRISPR-based yeast two-hybrid system for investigating
... domain to the reporter genes in yeast three-hybrid necessitates three different binding interactions (e.g., DNA LexA sites • LexADBD–MCP • MS2 RNA–X • Y–GAD). In contrast, the CARRY two-hybrid system uses CRISPR/dCas9 to directly target RNA to DNA. By reducing ...
... domain to the reporter genes in yeast three-hybrid necessitates three different binding interactions (e.g., DNA LexA sites • LexADBD–MCP • MS2 RNA–X • Y–GAD). In contrast, the CARRY two-hybrid system uses CRISPR/dCas9 to directly target RNA to DNA. By reducing ...
Adipocyte metabolic pathways regulated by diet control
... Adipocyte-specific knockdown shows that these enzymes support early GSC progeny survival. Further, ...
... Adipocyte-specific knockdown shows that these enzymes support early GSC progeny survival. Further, ...
Messenger RNA reprogramming by spliceosome-mediated
... PTMs include a binding domain responsible for specific targeting of the PTM and a coding domain that includes the new or modified genetic information that will reprogram the target (Figure 6). A more extensive discussion of PTM structure by Garcia-Blanco et al. can be reviewed in ref. 4. It must be ...
... PTMs include a binding domain responsible for specific targeting of the PTM and a coding domain that includes the new or modified genetic information that will reprogram the target (Figure 6). A more extensive discussion of PTM structure by Garcia-Blanco et al. can be reviewed in ref. 4. It must be ...
Inflorescence Meristem Identity in Rice Is Specified
... PAP2 activity during reproductive phase transition may be masked by redundancy with other gene(s). To test this idea, we searched for MADS box genes that show overlapping expression patterns with PAP2 in the SAM during the reproductive transition. For this purpose, we adopted a laser microdissection ...
... PAP2 activity during reproductive phase transition may be masked by redundancy with other gene(s). To test this idea, we searched for MADS box genes that show overlapping expression patterns with PAP2 in the SAM during the reproductive transition. For this purpose, we adopted a laser microdissection ...
synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing
... pp60v-src in tsNY72-4RSV-infected cells was activated by temperature shift, cellular levels of the -5.0-kb mRNA were observed to increase in the presence or absence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis (1, 2). Induction of the -5.0-kb mRNA occurred biphasically, with 'an early increas ...
... pp60v-src in tsNY72-4RSV-infected cells was activated by temperature shift, cellular levels of the -5.0-kb mRNA were observed to increase in the presence or absence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis (1, 2). Induction of the -5.0-kb mRNA occurred biphasically, with 'an early increas ...
embr201439791-sup-0014
... Table S3. Mapped sequences were run through featureCount and differential expression analysis was performed on the raw counts using the R packages DESeq2 (gene level) and DEXSeq (exon level). Since DESeq2 and DEXSeq requires replicates, the salmIR and salm-FRT samples were used as biological replica ...
... Table S3. Mapped sequences were run through featureCount and differential expression analysis was performed on the raw counts using the R packages DESeq2 (gene level) and DEXSeq (exon level). Since DESeq2 and DEXSeq requires replicates, the salmIR and salm-FRT samples were used as biological replica ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.