Translation Study Guide
... messenger RNA (mRNA) – a type of RNA that conveys genetic instructions on how to assemble proteins from the cell’s DNA to its protein-making machinery. mRNA contains a copy of one or a few genes from a cell’s chromosome. nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules that contain the ce ...
... messenger RNA (mRNA) – a type of RNA that conveys genetic instructions on how to assemble proteins from the cell’s DNA to its protein-making machinery. mRNA contains a copy of one or a few genes from a cell’s chromosome. nucleotides - the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules that contain the ce ...
scylla and charybde, homologues of the human apoptotic gene
... Scylla and Charybde are homologous to RTP801, a regulator of apoptosis in humans The scyl gene codes for a 630 amino acid protein; its sequence is most closely related to the Drosophila gene chrb. The predicted scyl and chrb gene products share 64% identity and 76% similarity over 125 amino acids at ...
... Scylla and Charybde are homologous to RTP801, a regulator of apoptosis in humans The scyl gene codes for a 630 amino acid protein; its sequence is most closely related to the Drosophila gene chrb. The predicted scyl and chrb gene products share 64% identity and 76% similarity over 125 amino acids at ...
Investigation 1: Identify the Transcriptional Unit
... a mature mRNA). Collectively, they constitute the transcription unit, the part of the gene that is read by RNA polymerase II during transcription. We use the name “transcription unit” rather than “gene” because genes also contain regulatory sequences (promoters and both positive and negative regulat ...
... a mature mRNA). Collectively, they constitute the transcription unit, the part of the gene that is read by RNA polymerase II during transcription. We use the name “transcription unit” rather than “gene” because genes also contain regulatory sequences (promoters and both positive and negative regulat ...
in Power-Point Format
... • Promoters recognized by pol II (class II promoters) are similar to prokaryotic promoters: • Considered to have two parts: – Core promoter of 4 elements: TATAAA, TBP, BRE (IIB), ...
... • Promoters recognized by pol II (class II promoters) are similar to prokaryotic promoters: • Considered to have two parts: – Core promoter of 4 elements: TATAAA, TBP, BRE (IIB), ...
Gene Expression Profiles and Microarray Data Analysis - BIDD
... • ArrayExpress at the EBI http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/ • Stanford MicroArray Database http://genome-www5.stanford.edu/ • Yale Microarray Database http://info.med.yale.edu/microarray/ ...
... • ArrayExpress at the EBI http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/ • Stanford MicroArray Database http://genome-www5.stanford.edu/ • Yale Microarray Database http://info.med.yale.edu/microarray/ ...
module 2: transcription part i
... a mature mRNA). Collectively, they constitute the transcription unit, the part of the gene that is read by RNA polymerase II during transcription. We use the name “transcription unit” rather than “gene” because genes also contain regulatory sequences (promoters and both positive and negative regulat ...
... a mature mRNA). Collectively, they constitute the transcription unit, the part of the gene that is read by RNA polymerase II during transcription. We use the name “transcription unit” rather than “gene” because genes also contain regulatory sequences (promoters and both positive and negative regulat ...
Chapter 17--6 slides per page
... that is only about 80 nucleotides long Flattened into one plane to reveal its base pairing, a tRNA molecule looks like a cloverleaf Because of hydrogen bonds, tRNA actually twists and folds into a three-dimensional molecule tRNA is roughly L-shaped ...
... that is only about 80 nucleotides long Flattened into one plane to reveal its base pairing, a tRNA molecule looks like a cloverleaf Because of hydrogen bonds, tRNA actually twists and folds into a three-dimensional molecule tRNA is roughly L-shaped ...
From Genes to Proteins
... When the RNA nucleotides are added during transcription, they are linked together with covalent bonds. As RNA polymerase moves down the strand, a single strand of RNA grows. Behind RNA polymerase, the two strands of DNA close up by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, re-forming the D ...
... When the RNA nucleotides are added during transcription, they are linked together with covalent bonds. As RNA polymerase moves down the strand, a single strand of RNA grows. Behind RNA polymerase, the two strands of DNA close up by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, re-forming the D ...
Regulation of biosynthesis and transport of aromatic amino acids in
... GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Partially sequenced genomes of B. stearothermophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium di⁄cile and Desul¢tobacterium hafniense were extracted from the ERGO database (http://wit.mcs.anl.gov/WIT2/). The partially sequenced genome of Entero ...
... GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Partially sequenced genomes of B. stearothermophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium di⁄cile and Desul¢tobacterium hafniense were extracted from the ERGO database (http://wit.mcs.anl.gov/WIT2/). The partially sequenced genome of Entero ...
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Blood Cells of
... genes—MX1 and MX2. These gene are specifically induced by IFN-alpha and beta.10,11 MX proteins belong to the family of large GTPases and are highly homologous with dynamins within their GTP-binding domain. MX proteins have a conserved C-terminal leucine zipper element. MX2 exists in 78-kDa and a 76-k ...
... genes—MX1 and MX2. These gene are specifically induced by IFN-alpha and beta.10,11 MX proteins belong to the family of large GTPases and are highly homologous with dynamins within their GTP-binding domain. MX proteins have a conserved C-terminal leucine zipper element. MX2 exists in 78-kDa and a 76-k ...
Efficient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Roots
... Virus-host range, infectivity, and in planta movement are key factors in conditioning the VIGS response. The role of double-stranded (ds)RNA molecules appears to be general to other forms of PTGS, acting as initiators of a silencing signal that generates a systemic VIGS response or by acting as a sy ...
... Virus-host range, infectivity, and in planta movement are key factors in conditioning the VIGS response. The role of double-stranded (ds)RNA molecules appears to be general to other forms of PTGS, acting as initiators of a silencing signal that generates a systemic VIGS response or by acting as a sy ...
Pathogen Response Genes Mediate Caenorhabditis elegans Innate
... infection receptor FSHR-1, Powell et al. (2009) performed Pseudomonas-specific microarrays on fshr-1 null mutant worms compared to wild type (N2) worms. Interestingly, 179 genes were found to be upregulated in wild type worms but were not upregulated in fshr-1 mutants, suggesting that these genes ar ...
... infection receptor FSHR-1, Powell et al. (2009) performed Pseudomonas-specific microarrays on fshr-1 null mutant worms compared to wild type (N2) worms. Interestingly, 179 genes were found to be upregulated in wild type worms but were not upregulated in fshr-1 mutants, suggesting that these genes ar ...
Controlling Gene Expression in Bacteria
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
... cells all the time. These continually expressed genes are called constitutive genes. Other genes are only needed by certain cells or at specific times. The expression of these inducible genes is tightly controlled. For example, pancreas beta cells make the protein insulin by expressing the insul ...
Spnr, a Murine RNA-binding Protein That Is Localized to
... pivotal role of 3' untranslated regions (UTR) ~ in mRNA stability, transport, localization, and translation (Jackson, 1993). Although antisense RNAs and proteins that bind to the 3' UTRs of some mRNAs have been identified (Wightman et al., 1993; Lee et al., 1993; Wharton and Struhl, 1991; Harford et ...
... pivotal role of 3' untranslated regions (UTR) ~ in mRNA stability, transport, localization, and translation (Jackson, 1993). Although antisense RNAs and proteins that bind to the 3' UTRs of some mRNAs have been identified (Wightman et al., 1993; Lee et al., 1993; Wharton and Struhl, 1991; Harford et ...
Nematode lecture
... A CM deficient E coli strain transformed with a plasmid containing CM coding region was streaked on the top half of the petri dish The same CM-deficient E. coli strain containing only the plasmid was streaked at the bottom half of the plate (Vector) Lambert et al. MPMI, 1999; 12:328–336. ...
... A CM deficient E coli strain transformed with a plasmid containing CM coding region was streaked on the top half of the petri dish The same CM-deficient E. coli strain containing only the plasmid was streaked at the bottom half of the plate (Vector) Lambert et al. MPMI, 1999; 12:328–336. ...
From Gene to Protein
... base-pairs with an mRNA codon. The P site holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Discharged tRNA leaves via the E site. ...
... base-pairs with an mRNA codon. The P site holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Discharged tRNA leaves via the E site. ...
translational - Bioinformatics Institute
... RIBOSOMES: protein synthesizing machines • Translation takes place on defined cytoplasmic organelles called RIBOSOMES. ...
... RIBOSOMES: protein synthesizing machines • Translation takes place on defined cytoplasmic organelles called RIBOSOMES. ...
L12 - flat - Biology Courses Server
... Shine-Delgarno sequence is 5’ (upstream) of initiation codon (AUG) on mRNA (in 5’ UTR) ...
... Shine-Delgarno sequence is 5’ (upstream) of initiation codon (AUG) on mRNA (in 5’ UTR) ...
M2 RNA Pol Ⅰ genes
... 1. Which one of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II and III is false? A RNA Pol II is very sensitive toα-amanitin. B RNA Pol II is located in th~ nucleoplasm. C RNA Pol III transcribes th~ genes for tRNA. D eukaryotic cells contain other RNA polymerases in addition to RNA ...
... 1. Which one of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II and III is false? A RNA Pol II is very sensitive toα-amanitin. B RNA Pol II is located in th~ nucleoplasm. C RNA Pol III transcribes th~ genes for tRNA. D eukaryotic cells contain other RNA polymerases in addition to RNA ...
Final Research Genetics
... may promote DA production by reducing the primary metabolic activity, leaving more energy available and favoring the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of this toxin (Pan, 1998). Also, in Si limitation, DNA synthesis and the process of cell division are slowed presenting an ideal situa ...
... may promote DA production by reducing the primary metabolic activity, leaving more energy available and favoring the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of this toxin (Pan, 1998). Also, in Si limitation, DNA synthesis and the process of cell division are slowed presenting an ideal situa ...
Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing the Drosophila
... The chromodomain of the Drosophila Polycomb (Pc) protein has been introduced into tobacco nuclei to determine its location in the nucleus and its effect on plant development. Pc is a repressor of homeotic Drosophila genes that shares a well-conserved, although not identical, chromodomain with a stru ...
... The chromodomain of the Drosophila Polycomb (Pc) protein has been introduced into tobacco nuclei to determine its location in the nucleus and its effect on plant development. Pc is a repressor of homeotic Drosophila genes that shares a well-conserved, although not identical, chromodomain with a stru ...
Argonaute2 Is Essential for Mammalian
... processes. These proteins are defined by the presence of PAZ and PIWI domains, which modulate protein protein interactions, nucleic acid binding, and, in some cases, mRNA cleavage [1–5]. Argonaute proteins serve as scaffolds for targetmRNA recognition by short regulatory guide RNAs during the proces ...
... processes. These proteins are defined by the presence of PAZ and PIWI domains, which modulate protein protein interactions, nucleic acid binding, and, in some cases, mRNA cleavage [1–5]. Argonaute proteins serve as scaffolds for targetmRNA recognition by short regulatory guide RNAs during the proces ...
A Symbolic and Graphical Gene Regulation Model of the lac Operon
... Java 3 DTM library. To realistically model the lac operon, important coding regions are included into the DNA strand. The lacZ gene, with its associated control complex is incorporated into the DNA structure. In addition, the lacI gene along with its control complex is also part of the visualization ...
... Java 3 DTM library. To realistically model the lac operon, important coding regions are included into the DNA strand. The lacZ gene, with its associated control complex is incorporated into the DNA structure. In addition, the lacI gene along with its control complex is also part of the visualization ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.