Chapter 21 Biosynthetic Pathways
... pyruvate to glucose does not occur by reversing the steps of glucose to pyruvate. • There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis: ---Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate + ATP. ---Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. ---Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. • These three steps are reversed in ...
... pyruvate to glucose does not occur by reversing the steps of glucose to pyruvate. • There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis: ---Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate + ATP. ---Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. ---Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. • These three steps are reversed in ...
Sample exam 1
... 6. Gastric juice has a pH of 1.5 and is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach. a. Calculate the free energy required to concentrate the H+ in 1 L of gastric juice at 37°C. For this problem, you can ignore the effects of the transmembrane electrical potential difference. ...
... 6. Gastric juice has a pH of 1.5 and is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach. a. Calculate the free energy required to concentrate the H+ in 1 L of gastric juice at 37°C. For this problem, you can ignore the effects of the transmembrane electrical potential difference. ...
M220 Lecture 11 - Napa Valley College
... Glucose is a highly reduced substrate (many hydrogens). It has the potential to go through many oxidation reactions yielding much energy. (Remember, oxidations are coupled with reductions). Energy is captured in ATP by the process of phosphorylation. Substrate level phosphorylations occur when high ...
... Glucose is a highly reduced substrate (many hydrogens). It has the potential to go through many oxidation reactions yielding much energy. (Remember, oxidations are coupled with reductions). Energy is captured in ATP by the process of phosphorylation. Substrate level phosphorylations occur when high ...
Fe-S
... 12e- from the oxidation of glucose are not transferred directly to O2, go to NAD+ and FAD to form 10NADH and 2FADH2 These are reoxidized, passing their electrons to the electrontransport chain to reduce O2 to H2O causing the mitochondrion to create a proton gradient. This pH gradient is used to driv ...
... 12e- from the oxidation of glucose are not transferred directly to O2, go to NAD+ and FAD to form 10NADH and 2FADH2 These are reoxidized, passing their electrons to the electrontransport chain to reduce O2 to H2O causing the mitochondrion to create a proton gradient. This pH gradient is used to driv ...
Macronutrients
... During a series of steps, produces ATP, H ions, and electrons carried by NAD+ (now NADH) and FAD (now FADH2) Carbon dioxide as waste ...
... During a series of steps, produces ATP, H ions, and electrons carried by NAD+ (now NADH) and FAD (now FADH2) Carbon dioxide as waste ...
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism
... 1. ___________ PHOSPHORYLATION- the transfer of a high-energy PO4- to ADP. 2. _________ - energy released from the transfer(loss) of electrons (oxidation) from one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate a proton gradient which is then used to make ATP 3. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION – sunlight ...
... 1. ___________ PHOSPHORYLATION- the transfer of a high-energy PO4- to ADP. 2. _________ - energy released from the transfer(loss) of electrons (oxidation) from one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate a proton gradient which is then used to make ATP 3. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION – sunlight ...
Answers set 7
... For malate translocation, see above malate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial) malate (M) + NAD +(M) → oxaloacetate (M) + NADH(M) + H+ NADH is also not transported directly, so this process helps use up cytoplasmic NADH, while producing more mitochondrial NADH for use in oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... For malate translocation, see above malate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial) malate (M) + NAD +(M) → oxaloacetate (M) + NADH(M) + H+ NADH is also not transported directly, so this process helps use up cytoplasmic NADH, while producing more mitochondrial NADH for use in oxidative phosphorylation. ...
6.1 Cellular respiration
... This reaction does not occur in one simple reaction, but involves over each controlled by specific enzymes. ...
... This reaction does not occur in one simple reaction, but involves over each controlled by specific enzymes. ...
Catabolic pathways
... amount is small compared with the energy produced during the third stage of catabolism. ...
... amount is small compared with the energy produced during the third stage of catabolism. ...
irm_ch23
... 1) Digestion, occurring in the digestive tract. Digestive enzymes break down food into glucose and other monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol. These small molecules pass across intestinal membranes and into the blood, where they are transported to the body’s cells. 2) Acetyl gr ...
... 1) Digestion, occurring in the digestive tract. Digestive enzymes break down food into glucose and other monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol. These small molecules pass across intestinal membranes and into the blood, where they are transported to the body’s cells. 2) Acetyl gr ...
Chapter 8 Exam Review
... 23. The complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in 36-38 molecules of ATP. True or false? 24. The first step of the Citric Acid cycle involves binding the Acetyl-CoA to a 4-carbon carrier molecule. True or false? 25. The preparatory reaction breaks pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and water. True o ...
... 23. The complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in 36-38 molecules of ATP. True or false? 24. The first step of the Citric Acid cycle involves binding the Acetyl-CoA to a 4-carbon carrier molecule. True or false? 25. The preparatory reaction breaks pyruvates into acetyl-CoA and water. True o ...
Document
... produced? ____8________. Each cycle of -oxidation produces a single acetyl-CoA, _____1_____ (a number) FADH2 molecule(s), and _____1______ (a number) NADH molecule(s). 6. Amino nitrogen is transported out of muscle primarily in the form of what two amino acids? __alanine_____ and __glutamine______. ...
... produced? ____8________. Each cycle of -oxidation produces a single acetyl-CoA, _____1_____ (a number) FADH2 molecule(s), and _____1______ (a number) NADH molecule(s). 6. Amino nitrogen is transported out of muscle primarily in the form of what two amino acids? __alanine_____ and __glutamine______. ...
RESPIRATION: SYNTHESIS OF ATP
... ! In air, electron transport chain regenerates NAD+ and FAD by passing electrons to O2. ! Without air, electron transport chain cannot oxidize NADH, FADH2; citric acid cycle stops. ! Without air, some cells regenerate NAD+ (from glycolysis only) by passing e- (+ H+) to pyruvic acid ! Result: continu ...
... ! In air, electron transport chain regenerates NAD+ and FAD by passing electrons to O2. ! Without air, electron transport chain cannot oxidize NADH, FADH2; citric acid cycle stops. ! Without air, some cells regenerate NAD+ (from glycolysis only) by passing e- (+ H+) to pyruvic acid ! Result: continu ...
Aerobic organisms obtain energy from oxidation of food molecules
... •4. C metabolites of stored food (e.g. glucose, C3, amino acids) provide C skeleton for biosynthesis of macromolecules, e.g. new ...
... •4. C metabolites of stored food (e.g. glucose, C3, amino acids) provide C skeleton for biosynthesis of macromolecules, e.g. new ...
sorting_activity
... The 6C compound is oxidised in a series of steps producing carbon dioxide, reduced NAD, reduced FAD and some ATP. ...
... The 6C compound is oxidised in a series of steps producing carbon dioxide, reduced NAD, reduced FAD and some ATP. ...
photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration-worksheet
... Acetate from acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to produce citrate, which is cycled back to oxaloacetate as redox reactions produce NADH andFADH2, ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation, and CO2 is released NADH (from glycolysis and Kreb’s) and FADH2 (from Kreb’s) transfer electrons ...
... Acetate from acetyl CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to produce citrate, which is cycled back to oxaloacetate as redox reactions produce NADH andFADH2, ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation, and CO2 is released NADH (from glycolysis and Kreb’s) and FADH2 (from Kreb’s) transfer electrons ...
Ecological speciation model
... 3) The product acetyl-CoA usually goes to the TCA cycle instead of to acetyl-P ...
... 3) The product acetyl-CoA usually goes to the TCA cycle instead of to acetyl-P ...
General Chemistry 110 Quiz 1
... PROCEEDING TO THE SHORT ANSWER SECTION. Number 1 through 15 are worth 6 points each. ...
... PROCEEDING TO THE SHORT ANSWER SECTION. Number 1 through 15 are worth 6 points each. ...
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... • Aerobic = Uses oxygen • Two major stages: – Krebs Cycle – Electron Transport Chain ...
... • Aerobic = Uses oxygen • Two major stages: – Krebs Cycle – Electron Transport Chain ...
Transamination, Deamination,urea cycle
... • first two reactions leading to the synthesis of urea occur in the mitochondria, whereas the remaining cycle enzymes are located in the cytosol • One nitrogen of the urea molecule is supplied by free ammonia, and the other nitrogen by aspartate ...
... • first two reactions leading to the synthesis of urea occur in the mitochondria, whereas the remaining cycle enzymes are located in the cytosol • One nitrogen of the urea molecule is supplied by free ammonia, and the other nitrogen by aspartate ...
AP Biology Study Guide Exam 2
... Temperature- optimum temp, then it gets too hot or cold denatures protein pH- disrupts reaction due to changing charges present. Salinity- disrupts shape of enzyme Activators- keep enzyme working Inhibitors- keep enzyme inactive 4. Cellular Respiration Way for organisms to make ATP ...
... Temperature- optimum temp, then it gets too hot or cold denatures protein pH- disrupts reaction due to changing charges present. Salinity- disrupts shape of enzyme Activators- keep enzyme working Inhibitors- keep enzyme inactive 4. Cellular Respiration Way for organisms to make ATP ...
File
... 9) Explain why 2 pyruvates are formed from one glucose molecule instead of only one pyruvate. 10) Name the organelle where aerobic respiration occurs? 11) During aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide (CO2) i ...
... 9) Explain why 2 pyruvates are formed from one glucose molecule instead of only one pyruvate. 10) Name the organelle where aerobic respiration occurs? 11) During aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide (CO2) i ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.