bottom-up-methodology
... Example Bottom-Up Metabolic Model Construction Process 1. The Basics Starting from glucose-6-phosphate in a glycolytic organism: # sanity check that one reaction can happen FRUCTOSE-6-P[CCO-CYTOSOL] # complete glycolysis and get to pyruvate (alanine, serine, glycerol-3P) PYRUVATE[CCO-CYTOSOL] # reac ...
... Example Bottom-Up Metabolic Model Construction Process 1. The Basics Starting from glucose-6-phosphate in a glycolytic organism: # sanity check that one reaction can happen FRUCTOSE-6-P[CCO-CYTOSOL] # complete glycolysis and get to pyruvate (alanine, serine, glycerol-3P) PYRUVATE[CCO-CYTOSOL] # reac ...
Photsynthesis III - Light Indpendent
... – ATP and NADPH are now used to modify the original 3-carbon molecules in preparation for one of them to leave the cycle to make glucose. – This stage is called reduction because electrons are added to the 3-carbon molecules to transform them into the building blocks for glucose. – ADP and NADP+ are ...
... – ATP and NADPH are now used to modify the original 3-carbon molecules in preparation for one of them to leave the cycle to make glucose. – This stage is called reduction because electrons are added to the 3-carbon molecules to transform them into the building blocks for glucose. – ADP and NADP+ are ...
Sample exam 1
... 6. The pyrrole rings of heme each contain nitrogen atoms. What molecule provides that nitrogen during the synthesis of heme in liver cells? a. Carbamoyl phosphate. b. Cobalamin. c. Glycine. d. Succinyl CoA. e. Valine. 7. Which of the following statements is true? a. Glucose can cross the lipid bila ...
... 6. The pyrrole rings of heme each contain nitrogen atoms. What molecule provides that nitrogen during the synthesis of heme in liver cells? a. Carbamoyl phosphate. b. Cobalamin. c. Glycine. d. Succinyl CoA. e. Valine. 7. Which of the following statements is true? a. Glucose can cross the lipid bila ...
103 topic summary
... DNA replication: general process and replication forks Types of RNA: general structures and functions of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA Transcription: general process and sequence and processing of mRNA Regulation of transcription: the lactose operon (control site and repressors) The genetic code: know how to ...
... DNA replication: general process and replication forks Types of RNA: general structures and functions of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA Transcription: general process and sequence and processing of mRNA Regulation of transcription: the lactose operon (control site and repressors) The genetic code: know how to ...
View PDF
... • How does the electron transport chain create a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? • How does the hydrogen ion gradient allow the cell to phosphorylate ADP to ATP? • Define ...
... • How does the electron transport chain create a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? • How does the hydrogen ion gradient allow the cell to phosphorylate ADP to ATP? • Define ...
Chapter-14 - NCERT Help
... Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport system present in inner wall of mitochondria. Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the ...
... Cytochromes : A group of iron containing compounds of electron transport system present in inner wall of mitochondria. Dehydrogenase : Enzyme that catalyses removal of H atom from the ...
13 cellular respiration
... ~ life predates atmospheric O2 by 0.8 billion years ~ most widespread metabolic pathway ...
... ~ life predates atmospheric O2 by 0.8 billion years ~ most widespread metabolic pathway ...
Chapter 9 from Mrs Chou
... ATP (draw and label) Electrochemical gradient FAD FADH2 NAD+ NADH ...
... ATP (draw and label) Electrochemical gradient FAD FADH2 NAD+ NADH ...
Cellular Respiration
... chemical cycling and energy transfer (reactant, products, types of energy). -autotroph- organism that makes its own food; plant -heterotroph- organism that obtains food by eating other organisms; animal Autotrophs remove CO2 from environment and fix it into sugars (normally glucose) whereas heterotr ...
... chemical cycling and energy transfer (reactant, products, types of energy). -autotroph- organism that makes its own food; plant -heterotroph- organism that obtains food by eating other organisms; animal Autotrophs remove CO2 from environment and fix it into sugars (normally glucose) whereas heterotr ...
Ch 9 (primary ppt) - Phillips Scientific Methods
... 2. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? 3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? ...
... 2. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? 3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? ...
respiration - sandsbiochem
... 2. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? 3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? 4. Which has more energy available: a. ADP or ATP? b. NAD+ or NADH? c. FAD+ or FADH2? ...
... 2. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? 3. What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? 4. Which has more energy available: a. ADP or ATP? b. NAD+ or NADH? c. FAD+ or FADH2? ...
Cellular Respiration
... released and then trapped and stored in the bonds of ATP (at a controlled rate)! ...
... released and then trapped and stored in the bonds of ATP (at a controlled rate)! ...
Lecture #9
... Chemiosmosis entails the electron transport and formation of a proton gradient (proton motive force). ...
... Chemiosmosis entails the electron transport and formation of a proton gradient (proton motive force). ...
PS 3 Answers
... (see Figure on Pg 666 of Lehninger) The carbamoyl phosphate synthase I step and the argininosuccinate synthetase step, which are the ATP-dependent steps, and they should be circled. ...
... (see Figure on Pg 666 of Lehninger) The carbamoyl phosphate synthase I step and the argininosuccinate synthetase step, which are the ATP-dependent steps, and they should be circled. ...
Ch18.doc
... 2. Note that the question says “excess of pure lactate dehydrogenase and NADH”. This is important because alanine-transaminase will produce pyruvate which as soon as it is produced will be reduced to lactic acid using NADH. NADH has a strong absorbance at 340 nm, so the rate of decrease in 340 nm ab ...
... 2. Note that the question says “excess of pure lactate dehydrogenase and NADH”. This is important because alanine-transaminase will produce pyruvate which as soon as it is produced will be reduced to lactic acid using NADH. NADH has a strong absorbance at 340 nm, so the rate of decrease in 340 nm ab ...
Mark scheme Outline the process of glycolysis. (5 marks) occurs in
... large surface area gives more space for electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation inner membrane contains ATP synthetase / ATPase / stalked particles that make ATP (narrow) gap between inner and outer membranes / inter-membrane space ( must be stated or labeled) pH / H+ / proton concentra ...
... large surface area gives more space for electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation inner membrane contains ATP synthetase / ATPase / stalked particles that make ATP (narrow) gap between inner and outer membranes / inter-membrane space ( must be stated or labeled) pH / H+ / proton concentra ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Interestingly, the results of isotope-labeling studies revealed that the two carbon atoms that enter each cycle are not the ones that leave. 2. Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reac ...
... decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Interestingly, the results of isotope-labeling studies revealed that the two carbon atoms that enter each cycle are not the ones that leave. 2. Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reac ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.