1 All cells can harvest energy from organic molecules. To do this
... NADH and FADH2 (produced during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle) donate high energy electrons to an electron transport chain As the electrons are passed along the ETC, their energy is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis At the end of the ETC, electrons join with oxygen and 2H+ t ...
... NADH and FADH2 (produced during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle) donate high energy electrons to an electron transport chain As the electrons are passed along the ETC, their energy is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis At the end of the ETC, electrons join with oxygen and 2H+ t ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Teacher`s Guide
... 4. Drive a pin through the centre of a cork and attach the food material to it at the top, as shown in the diagram. 5. Light the food material with a match, and fit the calorimeter over it so that the bottom of the test tube is directly over the flame. 6. When the flame has gone out (after about 2 m ...
... 4. Drive a pin through the centre of a cork and attach the food material to it at the top, as shown in the diagram. 5. Light the food material with a match, and fit the calorimeter over it so that the bottom of the test tube is directly over the flame. 6. When the flame has gone out (after about 2 m ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... glutamine synthetase. • The reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. • Glutmine synthetase is a mitochondrial enzyme found in many tissues mainly brain and kidney. ...
... glutamine synthetase. • The reaction is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. • Glutmine synthetase is a mitochondrial enzyme found in many tissues mainly brain and kidney. ...
Assignment 5 Bioenergy/ Photosynthesis
... A. Sunlight strikes two separate chlorophyll based photosynthetic pigment systems (remarkably called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII)) which excite two electrons within a core magnesium atom of each pigment system (labelled P680 and P700 in the figure below the numbers refer to the wave ...
... A. Sunlight strikes two separate chlorophyll based photosynthetic pigment systems (remarkably called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII)) which excite two electrons within a core magnesium atom of each pigment system (labelled P680 and P700 in the figure below the numbers refer to the wave ...
1.Oxidative phosphorylation
... complex that is required in all reactions in which ATP participates, including its synthesis. A magnesium deficiency impairs virtually all of metabolism, because ATP can neither be made nor utilized in adequate amounts ...
... complex that is required in all reactions in which ATP participates, including its synthesis. A magnesium deficiency impairs virtually all of metabolism, because ATP can neither be made nor utilized in adequate amounts ...
practice midterm
... D) two molecules of citric acid. E) two molecules of fructose. 64. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called A) fermentation. B) respiration. C) phosphorylation. D) chemiosmosis. E) Krebs cycle. ...
... D) two molecules of citric acid. E) two molecules of fructose. 64. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called A) fermentation. B) respiration. C) phosphorylation. D) chemiosmosis. E) Krebs cycle. ...
Chapter 25
... amino acids and all other needed N metabolites • In these organisms, glutamate is the source of N, via transamination (aminotransferase) reactions • Mammals can make only 10 of the 20 AAs • The others are classed as "essential" amino acids and must be obtained in the diet ...
... amino acids and all other needed N metabolites • In these organisms, glutamate is the source of N, via transamination (aminotransferase) reactions • Mammals can make only 10 of the 20 AAs • The others are classed as "essential" amino acids and must be obtained in the diet ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Converts glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) (an aldose) to fructose 6phosphate (F6P) (a ketose) • Enzyme preferentially binds the a-anomer of G6P (converts to open chain form in the active site) • Enzyme is highly stereospecific for G6P and F6P • Isomerase reaction is near-equilibrium in cells, i.e., DG is ...
... • Converts glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) (an aldose) to fructose 6phosphate (F6P) (a ketose) • Enzyme preferentially binds the a-anomer of G6P (converts to open chain form in the active site) • Enzyme is highly stereospecific for G6P and F6P • Isomerase reaction is near-equilibrium in cells, i.e., DG is ...
4 – 2 Chemical Compounds in Living Things
... o Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose o All have the formula C6H12O6; different in the arrangement of atoms; called isomers Disaccharide - 2 sugar molecules bonded together o Ex: sucrose (table sugar – glucose & fructose bonded together) Polysaccharide – many sugar molecules hooked together in a ch ...
... o Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose o All have the formula C6H12O6; different in the arrangement of atoms; called isomers Disaccharide - 2 sugar molecules bonded together o Ex: sucrose (table sugar – glucose & fructose bonded together) Polysaccharide – many sugar molecules hooked together in a ch ...
The Origin of Life - The University of Texas at Dallas
... many such systems of channels in nature—the lightning bolt is an example, although in that case the forces at work are electrical, not gravitational. (When lightning occurs, positive and negative charges become separated between clouds and the ground. The charge separation ionizes atoms in the air, ...
... many such systems of channels in nature—the lightning bolt is an example, although in that case the forces at work are electrical, not gravitational. (When lightning occurs, positive and negative charges become separated between clouds and the ground. The charge separation ionizes atoms in the air, ...
Chapter 17 Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Ans: The reaction is that catalyzed by -hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, for which NAD+ is cofactor. See Fig. 17-8a, p. 653. 19. Oxidation of fatty acids For each two-carbon increase in the length of a saturated fatty acid chain, how many additional moles of ATP can be formed upon complete oxidation ...
... Ans: The reaction is that catalyzed by -hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, for which NAD+ is cofactor. See Fig. 17-8a, p. 653. 19. Oxidation of fatty acids For each two-carbon increase in the length of a saturated fatty acid chain, how many additional moles of ATP can be formed upon complete oxidation ...
Lecture03
... – The rest of the path consists of an electron transport chain. • This chain involves a series of redox reactions. • These lead ultimately to the production of large amounts of ATP. ...
... – The rest of the path consists of an electron transport chain. • This chain involves a series of redox reactions. • These lead ultimately to the production of large amounts of ATP. ...
Hereditary mitochondrial diseases disorders of mitochondrial fatty
... ATP – adenosine triphosphate ...
... ATP – adenosine triphosphate ...
Ch_9 - Bartlett High School
... Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How m ...
... Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How m ...
Cellular Respiration Introduction Energy flow Overall Equation for
... The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs who was largely responsible for elucidating ...
... The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs who was largely responsible for elucidating ...
Welcome to Class 8 - (canvas.brown.edu).
... For most biological molecules, the unit of oxidation and reduction is two reducing equivalents, i.e., two electrons, i.e., pairs of electrons are gained or lost in each redox reaction.! In biological systems, oxidation is often synonymous with dehydrogenation (loss of hydrogen, note that there is no ...
... For most biological molecules, the unit of oxidation and reduction is two reducing equivalents, i.e., two electrons, i.e., pairs of electrons are gained or lost in each redox reaction.! In biological systems, oxidation is often synonymous with dehydrogenation (loss of hydrogen, note that there is no ...
Welcome to Class 8
... As a hydride ion :H (CH3CH3 + NAD+ ↔ CH2=CH2 + NADH + H+)! Through direct combination with oxygen (RCH3 + 1/2 O2 ↔ RCH2OH)! ...
... As a hydride ion :H (CH3CH3 + NAD+ ↔ CH2=CH2 + NADH + H+)! Through direct combination with oxygen (RCH3 + 1/2 O2 ↔ RCH2OH)! ...
Biochemistry Midterm Review
... 33._________________ makes up cell membranes. 34.Name a waxy lipid covering plants. 35.What is one type of plant pigment that is a lipid? 36.Lipids have more ___________ and ________ than they do oxygen atoms. 37.Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three __________ _________ chains. Th ...
... 33._________________ makes up cell membranes. 34.Name a waxy lipid covering plants. 35.What is one type of plant pigment that is a lipid? 36.Lipids have more ___________ and ________ than they do oxygen atoms. 37.Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three __________ _________ chains. Th ...
Biomolecules
... •A fat (mostly saturated) is solid at room temp., while an oil (mostly unsaturated) is liquid at room temp. ...
... •A fat (mostly saturated) is solid at room temp., while an oil (mostly unsaturated) is liquid at room temp. ...
AP Bio Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1. What is the term for
... c. reduced. d. redoxed. e. a reducing agent. 6. The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by a. substrate-level phosphorylation. b. electron transport. c. photophosphorylation. d. chemiosmosis. e. oxidation of NADH to NAD . 7. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in ...
... c. reduced. d. redoxed. e. a reducing agent. 6. The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by a. substrate-level phosphorylation. b. electron transport. c. photophosphorylation. d. chemiosmosis. e. oxidation of NADH to NAD . 7. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in ...
The Calvin Cycle Basics
... produce the variety of organic compounds of living organisms. It is used to keep the cycle going, and is used to produce carbohydrates such as glucose. ...
... produce the variety of organic compounds of living organisms. It is used to keep the cycle going, and is used to produce carbohydrates such as glucose. ...
Protein Nomenclature
... • Peptides 2 – 50 amino acids • Proteins >50 amino acids • Amino acid with free α-amino group is the amino-terminal or N-terminal residue • Amino acid with free α-carboxyl group is the carboxyl-terminal or C-terminal residue ...
... • Peptides 2 – 50 amino acids • Proteins >50 amino acids • Amino acid with free α-amino group is the amino-terminal or N-terminal residue • Amino acid with free α-carboxyl group is the carboxyl-terminal or C-terminal residue ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.