chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting
... • REDOX reactions in respiration – release energy as breakdown organic molecules • break C-C bonds • strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms – C6H12O6 CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized • electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms – in biology, the most electronegative atom? – ...
... • REDOX reactions in respiration – release energy as breakdown organic molecules • break C-C bonds • strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms – C6H12O6 CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized • electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms – in biology, the most electronegative atom? – ...
Biochemistry review
... Proteoglycan: proteins with attached GAGs Glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals ...
... Proteoglycan: proteins with attached GAGs Glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals ...
Metabolism and Energy
... - Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA - This process is irreversible - Acetyl CoA may be used to synthesize fat or to generate ATP (the TCA cycle) - Slower energy expenditure but can be sustained longer ...
... - Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA - This process is irreversible - Acetyl CoA may be used to synthesize fat or to generate ATP (the TCA cycle) - Slower energy expenditure but can be sustained longer ...
U4L26 Nitrogen - The University of Sydney
... • Non-toxic – Can be present in blood at mM levels – Cleared by kidneys ...
... • Non-toxic – Can be present in blood at mM levels – Cleared by kidneys ...
1 Introduction and History Introduction to the course (syllabus
... 7. stereoisomer = isomers that exist as mirror images a. L- and D- forms b. enzymes are so specific they can only react with a specific stereoisomer (1) L-amino acids are used by biochemical systems (2) D-sugars are used by biochemical systems Nutrition and Growth A. General nutrition 1. general req ...
... 7. stereoisomer = isomers that exist as mirror images a. L- and D- forms b. enzymes are so specific they can only react with a specific stereoisomer (1) L-amino acids are used by biochemical systems (2) D-sugars are used by biochemical systems Nutrition and Growth A. General nutrition 1. general req ...
1. overall goals a. general knowledge of microbiology b. in
... 3. Cells are nonrandom entities that transform energy to maintain order a. energy generation is an important component of metabolism (catabolism) b. chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes encoded by DNA C. History of early microbiology (Chapter 1) 1. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots do not ...
... 3. Cells are nonrandom entities that transform energy to maintain order a. energy generation is an important component of metabolism (catabolism) b. chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes encoded by DNA C. History of early microbiology (Chapter 1) 1. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots do not ...
Chem for Bio 9, part 2- Biological Macromolecules
... amino acid sequence • Determined by the sequence of amino acids • Amino acids linked by peptide bonds • Chain is called polypeptide • Sequence proceeds from “Nterminus” to “C-terminus” • Amino acid sequence determined by DNA code ...
... amino acid sequence • Determined by the sequence of amino acids • Amino acids linked by peptide bonds • Chain is called polypeptide • Sequence proceeds from “Nterminus” to “C-terminus” • Amino acid sequence determined by DNA code ...
Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism
... C + O2 + reduced cofactor -----> C-OH + H2O + oxidized cofactor 2 of the necessary electrons are derived from a carbon atom in the princial substrate; the other 2 electrons are derived from one of several standard redox cofactors. The redox cofactor for many monooxygenases is FMNH2, but the monooxyg ...
... C + O2 + reduced cofactor -----> C-OH + H2O + oxidized cofactor 2 of the necessary electrons are derived from a carbon atom in the princial substrate; the other 2 electrons are derived from one of several standard redox cofactors. The redox cofactor for many monooxygenases is FMNH2, but the monooxyg ...
清华大学本科生考试试题专用纸
... Ornithine and citrulline have roles that are similar to those of oxaloacetate and what other citric acid cycle intermediate? A. acetyl-CoA B. malate C. citrate D. ammonia E. CO2 Answer(s): C 20. Indicate which of the following statements about the mitochondrial electron transfer and oxidative phosph ...
... Ornithine and citrulline have roles that are similar to those of oxaloacetate and what other citric acid cycle intermediate? A. acetyl-CoA B. malate C. citrate D. ammonia E. CO2 Answer(s): C 20. Indicate which of the following statements about the mitochondrial electron transfer and oxidative phosph ...
The Four major Groups of
... and Ketoses • Carbohydrates have the atomic ratio C:H2O. • They are composed of many monosaccharide (monomers) chemically combined through dehydration synthesis into polysaccharides (polymers). • Glucose C6H12O6 is made by plants and is the most common monosaccharide. • Serve as energy sources for p ...
... and Ketoses • Carbohydrates have the atomic ratio C:H2O. • They are composed of many monosaccharide (monomers) chemically combined through dehydration synthesis into polysaccharides (polymers). • Glucose C6H12O6 is made by plants and is the most common monosaccharide. • Serve as energy sources for p ...
METABOLISM: BASIC CONSEPTS & DESIGN
... very high. This amount must be constantly recycled every day. The ultimate source of energy for constructing ATP is food; ATP is simply the carrier and regulation-storage unit of energy. The average daily intake of 2,500 food calories translates into a turnover of a 180 kg of ATP Resting human c ...
... very high. This amount must be constantly recycled every day. The ultimate source of energy for constructing ATP is food; ATP is simply the carrier and regulation-storage unit of energy. The average daily intake of 2,500 food calories translates into a turnover of a 180 kg of ATP Resting human c ...
Metabolism: the Degradation and Synthesis of Living Cells
... • Luis F. Leloir, UDP-glucose is the precursor for glycogen synthesis (Nobel Prize in 1970). • The whole glycolysis pathway (conversion of glucose to pyruvate) was revealed by 1940. ...
... • Luis F. Leloir, UDP-glucose is the precursor for glycogen synthesis (Nobel Prize in 1970). • The whole glycolysis pathway (conversion of glucose to pyruvate) was revealed by 1940. ...
Chapter Twenty-Seven: Amino Acids
... Propose a sequence of steps to sequence a polypeptide. Given evidence on the results of a polypeptide sequencing experiment, deduce the primary structure. Draw the mechanism for Edman degradation of a peptide using curved arrow formalism. Propose an appropriate laboratory method(s) for the s ...
... Propose a sequence of steps to sequence a polypeptide. Given evidence on the results of a polypeptide sequencing experiment, deduce the primary structure. Draw the mechanism for Edman degradation of a peptide using curved arrow formalism. Propose an appropriate laboratory method(s) for the s ...
TOPIC B1: CELL LEVEL SYSTEMS B1.3 RESPIRATION
... By the end of this unit you should be able to: ...
... By the end of this unit you should be able to: ...
Chapter 5: Major Metabolic Pathways
... 3. Respiration or electron transport chain for formation of ATP by transferring electrons from NADH to an electron acceptor (O2 under aerobic conditions). ...
... 3. Respiration or electron transport chain for formation of ATP by transferring electrons from NADH to an electron acceptor (O2 under aerobic conditions). ...
Unit One
... 23. Maleic acid is the cis isomer (CH2)2(COOH)2 Fumaric acid is the trans isomer (CH2)2(COOH)2 Draw the geometric isomers. Is there a chiral carbon ? These drawings should be in your notes. The COOH groups are on the same side of the double bond for the cis isomer. The COOH groups are on different s ...
... 23. Maleic acid is the cis isomer (CH2)2(COOH)2 Fumaric acid is the trans isomer (CH2)2(COOH)2 Draw the geometric isomers. Is there a chiral carbon ? These drawings should be in your notes. The COOH groups are on the same side of the double bond for the cis isomer. The COOH groups are on different s ...
lecture1
... anaerobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate. Since 2 molecules of triose P are formed per mole of glucose, 2 moles of ...
... anaerobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to lactate. Since 2 molecules of triose P are formed per mole of glucose, 2 moles of ...
Biological Chemistry
... C. ______saccharides - polymers of many monosaccharides (usually __________ molecules) covalently bonded together 1. ___________ - storage form of glucose in animals; stored in our ______ and muscle cells, broken down to glucose when needed 2. _______ (amylose) - storage form of glucose in plants; s ...
... C. ______saccharides - polymers of many monosaccharides (usually __________ molecules) covalently bonded together 1. ___________ - storage form of glucose in animals; stored in our ______ and muscle cells, broken down to glucose when needed 2. _______ (amylose) - storage form of glucose in plants; s ...
Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet
... complex III, complex IV, mitochondria, NAD+, NADH, citrate, citrate synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, G3P, FAD, FADH2, glycolysis, glucose, cytosol, inner mitochondrial membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane, preparatory phase, energy payoff phase, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, oxygen, ...
... complex III, complex IV, mitochondria, NAD+, NADH, citrate, citrate synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, G3P, FAD, FADH2, glycolysis, glucose, cytosol, inner mitochondrial membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane, preparatory phase, energy payoff phase, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, oxygen, ...
Mitochondrial NRG - Designs for Health
... sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), cardiovascular disease (i.e., heart attack, stroke, peripheral vascular disease), obesity, and diabetes (reduced mitochondrial biogenesis has been demonstrated in metabolic syndrome). Mitochondria deteriorate with age due to ongoing exposure to free radical ...
... sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), cardiovascular disease (i.e., heart attack, stroke, peripheral vascular disease), obesity, and diabetes (reduced mitochondrial biogenesis has been demonstrated in metabolic syndrome). Mitochondria deteriorate with age due to ongoing exposure to free radical ...
Chapter 1
... molecules which provides energy for cellular energy-requiring functions • Cells use an energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose – Small amounts of energy are released at several points in this pathway – This energy is harvested and stored in bonds of ATP • ATP = universal energy currency OR ...
... molecules which provides energy for cellular energy-requiring functions • Cells use an energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose – Small amounts of energy are released at several points in this pathway – This energy is harvested and stored in bonds of ATP • ATP = universal energy currency OR ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi (reaction of gluconeogenesis) • Net Reaction: NADP+ + NADH + H+ + ATP + H2O Æ NADPH + NAD+ + ADP + Pi • Thus, transport of acetylCoA to cytosol requires expense of one ATP and conversion of one NADH to NADPH. ...
... oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi (reaction of gluconeogenesis) • Net Reaction: NADP+ + NADH + H+ + ATP + H2O Æ NADPH + NAD+ + ADP + Pi • Thus, transport of acetylCoA to cytosol requires expense of one ATP and conversion of one NADH to NADPH. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.