![Molecular Characterization of Calymmin, a Novel Notochord Sheath](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/001807930_1-27b06f48269acc37e895e8e4b50abd49-300x300.png)
Molecular Characterization of Calymmin, a Novel Notochord Sheath
... amino acids, with a molecular mass of 122 kDa and a pI of 10.50. A noteworthy feature of the primary sequence is its elevated content in glycine residues (20.2%). The first 20 amino acids in the sequence fulfill the criteria for a signal peptide, indicating that this protein may be synthesized in th ...
... amino acids, with a molecular mass of 122 kDa and a pI of 10.50. A noteworthy feature of the primary sequence is its elevated content in glycine residues (20.2%). The first 20 amino acids in the sequence fulfill the criteria for a signal peptide, indicating that this protein may be synthesized in th ...
CEP290 alleles in mice disrupt tissue-specific cilia
... scrutiny since its discovery as the causal gene for Joubert syndrome in humans (35,36) and congenital blindness in rd16 mice (37). Mutations in CEP290 are now shown to be a frequent cause of LCA (38) and diverse syndromic ciliopathies (39). As CEP290 mutations cause BBS and a range of other syndromi ...
... scrutiny since its discovery as the causal gene for Joubert syndrome in humans (35,36) and congenital blindness in rd16 mice (37). Mutations in CEP290 are now shown to be a frequent cause of LCA (38) and diverse syndromic ciliopathies (39). As CEP290 mutations cause BBS and a range of other syndromi ...
Fast Protein Folding in the Hydrophobic
... first to insure both efficiency and provable guaranteed performance for the protein folding problem. Thus they may approxbe distinguished from previous work with heuristic imation algorithms that do not have these properties (e.g. Unger and Moult [20, 21]). Algorithms with guaranteed performance pro ...
... first to insure both efficiency and provable guaranteed performance for the protein folding problem. Thus they may approxbe distinguished from previous work with heuristic imation algorithms that do not have these properties (e.g. Unger and Moult [20, 21]). Algorithms with guaranteed performance pro ...
Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Folding
... Protein folding is the process whereby an extended and unstructured polypeptide is converted into a compact folded structure that typically constitutes its functional form. The process has been characterized extensively in-vitro in dilute buffer solutions over the last few decades. However, invivo, ...
... Protein folding is the process whereby an extended and unstructured polypeptide is converted into a compact folded structure that typically constitutes its functional form. The process has been characterized extensively in-vitro in dilute buffer solutions over the last few decades. However, invivo, ...
Sulphur and nitrogen regulation of the protease
... responds to the availability of sulphur to the fungal cell, we used a modified B05.10 B. cinerea strain (strain T3) carrying a transcriptional fusion (pACP1-GUS) able to drive an intracellular production of b-glucuronidase (GUS) that parallels that of the endogenous ACP1 (Rolland et al., 2003). The ...
... responds to the availability of sulphur to the fungal cell, we used a modified B05.10 B. cinerea strain (strain T3) carrying a transcriptional fusion (pACP1-GUS) able to drive an intracellular production of b-glucuronidase (GUS) that parallels that of the endogenous ACP1 (Rolland et al., 2003). The ...
Protein kinase inhibition: natural and synthetic variations on a theme
... by the post-translational addition of a phosphate moiety. Not only are there thousands of proteins that utilize this regulatory mechanism, but the number of protein kinases that catalyze these phosphoryl transfer reactions also number in the hundreds (reviewed in [Z]). It is predicted that the human ...
... by the post-translational addition of a phosphate moiety. Not only are there thousands of proteins that utilize this regulatory mechanism, but the number of protein kinases that catalyze these phosphoryl transfer reactions also number in the hundreds (reviewed in [Z]). It is predicted that the human ...
fulltekst
... cell to efficiently produce new viral particles. Both eukaryotic cells and some virus compact their genome by utilizing one gene to produce many diverse proteins. This is achieved by a process called alternative splicing. The pre-mRNA, which is produced during transcription of the gene, is cleaved a ...
... cell to efficiently produce new viral particles. Both eukaryotic cells and some virus compact their genome by utilizing one gene to produce many diverse proteins. This is achieved by a process called alternative splicing. The pre-mRNA, which is produced during transcription of the gene, is cleaved a ...
Leukaemia Section Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... various partners (see below); ALK+ ALCL cases are sometimes called ALK lymphomas, or ALKomas. ALK+ ALCL can be further divided into t(2;5) cases, with NPM1-ALK fusion protein which localises both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and t(2;Var), involving various partners and ALK, and a cytoplasmic ...
... various partners (see below); ALK+ ALCL cases are sometimes called ALK lymphomas, or ALKomas. ALK+ ALCL can be further divided into t(2;5) cases, with NPM1-ALK fusion protein which localises both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and t(2;Var), involving various partners and ALK, and a cytoplasmic ...
the Sec7 family of guanine-nucleotide- exchange factors
... mutated in the gnom pattern-formation mutant of the Arabidopsis embryo32. Mutants in the gnom gene have a number of phenotypes, including cellpolarity defects and inappropriate positioning of the cell-division plane, starting as early as the first embryonic division28,32. As described above, one suc ...
... mutated in the gnom pattern-formation mutant of the Arabidopsis embryo32. Mutants in the gnom gene have a number of phenotypes, including cellpolarity defects and inappropriate positioning of the cell-division plane, starting as early as the first embryonic division28,32. As described above, one suc ...
Molecular approaches for bacterial azoreductases
... al., 2007). This reaction may involve different mechanisms such as enzymes by direct enzymatic azo dye reduction, low molecular weight redox mediators, electron donor from the respiratory chain or a combination of these (Pandey et al., 2007). The significance of oxidoreductive enzymes in decolorizat ...
... al., 2007). This reaction may involve different mechanisms such as enzymes by direct enzymatic azo dye reduction, low molecular weight redox mediators, electron donor from the respiratory chain or a combination of these (Pandey et al., 2007). The significance of oxidoreductive enzymes in decolorizat ...
Genetic suppression
... only amber suppressors have been recovered. Early work identified two suppressor loci, sup-5 and sup-7, which could act to suppress certain mutations in a wide variety of genes (Waterston and Brenner, 1978; Waterston, 1981). These were subsequently shown to be amber suppressor mutations of two Trp t ...
... only amber suppressors have been recovered. Early work identified two suppressor loci, sup-5 and sup-7, which could act to suppress certain mutations in a wide variety of genes (Waterston and Brenner, 1978; Waterston, 1981). These were subsequently shown to be amber suppressor mutations of two Trp t ...
A Search for Single Substitutions That Eliminate Enzymatic Function
... tions (in addition to more conservative ones) will be possible at all positions. This will enable us to obtain the desired information. The coding region of synbar was conceptually divided into 8 contiguous regions covering from 12 to 14 codons each, starting from the second codon.3 With each region ...
... tions (in addition to more conservative ones) will be possible at all positions. This will enable us to obtain the desired information. The coding region of synbar was conceptually divided into 8 contiguous regions covering from 12 to 14 codons each, starting from the second codon.3 With each region ...
Regulation of Muscle Growth and Sarcomeric Protein Gene
... 5' end of the SERCA gene has revealed a number of common regulatory and promoter sequences including those involved in the MyoD family and MEF-2 binding sites (Escalante and Sastre, 1994). These regulatory sequences, such as MyoD and MEF 2, are involved in controlling differentiation of muscle cells ...
... 5' end of the SERCA gene has revealed a number of common regulatory and promoter sequences including those involved in the MyoD family and MEF-2 binding sites (Escalante and Sastre, 1994). These regulatory sequences, such as MyoD and MEF 2, are involved in controlling differentiation of muscle cells ...
Clockwork green—the circadian oscillator in
... preferentially degraded in the dark and stabilised in the light. This suggests that light absorption by the LOV domain may negatively affect ZTL function. Alternatively, ZTL may not be the sole factor responsible for timed breakdown of TOC1. Phosphorylation Whether steady-state abundance of CCA1 and ...
... preferentially degraded in the dark and stabilised in the light. This suggests that light absorption by the LOV domain may negatively affect ZTL function. Alternatively, ZTL may not be the sole factor responsible for timed breakdown of TOC1. Phosphorylation Whether steady-state abundance of CCA1 and ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... were seen along the outer edge of helical cristae membranes and a single row of 13-nm-wide particles along the inner edge. These particles were thought to be ATP synthase and NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) on the basis of their size and shape, but no further proof was obtained. Similar experiments w ...
... were seen along the outer edge of helical cristae membranes and a single row of 13-nm-wide particles along the inner edge. These particles were thought to be ATP synthase and NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) on the basis of their size and shape, but no further proof was obtained. Similar experiments w ...
Protein synthesis meets ABC ATPases: new roles for Rli1/ABCE1
... viability of yeast cells (Lill, 2009). As yeast mitochondria do not contain essential Fe–S proteins, the essential character of the mitochondrial Fe–S protein assembly machinery could be attributed to its role in the maturation of extra-mitochondrial Fe–S proteins, such as Rli1/ABCE1, which is essen ...
... viability of yeast cells (Lill, 2009). As yeast mitochondria do not contain essential Fe–S proteins, the essential character of the mitochondrial Fe–S protein assembly machinery could be attributed to its role in the maturation of extra-mitochondrial Fe–S proteins, such as Rli1/ABCE1, which is essen ...
RNA PROCESSING AND RNPs
... Alternative splicing • Alternative splicing can occur either at specific developmental stages or in different cell types. • the calcitonin gene yields an mRNA that synthesizes calcitonin (thyroid) or calcitonin gene– related peptide (CGRP, brain): 2 proteins with distinctly different functions. • t ...
... Alternative splicing • Alternative splicing can occur either at specific developmental stages or in different cell types. • the calcitonin gene yields an mRNA that synthesizes calcitonin (thyroid) or calcitonin gene– related peptide (CGRP, brain): 2 proteins with distinctly different functions. • t ...
Localization of protein-binding sites within families of proteins
... more clearly demonstrated by comparing the estimated coverage of known binding sites with the estimated coverage of binding sites generated by chance (Fig. 2B). In particular, for the randomly generated proteinbinding sites, only 6% of the families have a binding site coverage higher than 0.5; on av ...
... more clearly demonstrated by comparing the estimated coverage of known binding sites with the estimated coverage of binding sites generated by chance (Fig. 2B). In particular, for the randomly generated proteinbinding sites, only 6% of the families have a binding site coverage higher than 0.5; on av ...
Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and
... Heid et al. 1988a, b). However, with one exception, each antibody appeared to recognize most of the components of either the hair type I or type II EF families. A single, specific antibody detected a minor type I IF component in human hair expressed in the upper region of the follicle bulb (Heid et ...
... Heid et al. 1988a, b). However, with one exception, each antibody appeared to recognize most of the components of either the hair type I or type II EF families. A single, specific antibody detected a minor type I IF component in human hair expressed in the upper region of the follicle bulb (Heid et ...
The Molecular and Genetic Bases of S-RNase
... self-pollen occurs during pollen tube growth in the style, and the timing of the rejection coincides with the transition of pollen tube growth from the slow (‘‘autotrophic’’) growth phase to the accelerated (‘‘heterotropic’’) growth phase (Herrero and Hormaza, 1996). The increase in the growth rate ...
... self-pollen occurs during pollen tube growth in the style, and the timing of the rejection coincides with the transition of pollen tube growth from the slow (‘‘autotrophic’’) growth phase to the accelerated (‘‘heterotropic’’) growth phase (Herrero and Hormaza, 1996). The increase in the growth rate ...
Read about actions of formaldehyde on antigens
... can be detected only in unfixed cryosections; most are more easily detected after fixation. Paraffin embedding is usually preferable to either plastic embedding or cutting unembedded specimens with a vibrating microtome or in a cryostat. There are, however, plenty of exceptions to this generalizatio ...
... can be detected only in unfixed cryosections; most are more easily detected after fixation. Paraffin embedding is usually preferable to either plastic embedding or cutting unembedded specimens with a vibrating microtome or in a cryostat. There are, however, plenty of exceptions to this generalizatio ...
A FCA-mediated epigenetic route toward
... The albino phenotype of FCA-deficient mutants is evident only when developing seedlings are exposed to warm temperatures, suggesting that FCA function would be activated by warm temperatures. In accordance with this notion, it has been reported that FCAmediated inhibition of PIF4 activity is promote ...
... The albino phenotype of FCA-deficient mutants is evident only when developing seedlings are exposed to warm temperatures, suggesting that FCA function would be activated by warm temperatures. In accordance with this notion, it has been reported that FCAmediated inhibition of PIF4 activity is promote ...
Gene Section WWP1 (WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1)
... prostate and breast cancers due to the gene amplification. ...
... prostate and breast cancers due to the gene amplification. ...
pSAT vectors: a modular series of plasmids for autofluorescent
... into the HindIII-BamHI sites of pSAT6-MCS, producing pSAT1-hpt. The nptII gene was PCRamplified from pBI101 and cloned into the SalI-BamHI sites of pSAT4-MCS, producing pSAT4nptII. The bar gene was PCR-amplified from pFGC5941 (ARBC) and cloned into the XhoI-XmaI sites of pSAT6-MCS, producing pSAT1-b ...
... into the HindIII-BamHI sites of pSAT6-MCS, producing pSAT1-hpt. The nptII gene was PCRamplified from pBI101 and cloned into the SalI-BamHI sites of pSAT4-MCS, producing pSAT4nptII. The bar gene was PCR-amplified from pFGC5941 (ARBC) and cloned into the XhoI-XmaI sites of pSAT6-MCS, producing pSAT1-b ...
Gene Section LPP (lipoma preferred partner) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... by the overlapping "CEPH Mark 1" YAC clones 135H6 and 192B10 (start codon in 135H6, stop codon in 192B10) and is dispersed over at least 400 kb genomic DNA; the LIM domains are encoded by separate exons: LIM 1 is encoded by exon 8, LIM 2 by exon 9, and LIM 3 by exon 10 and part of exon 11. ...
... by the overlapping "CEPH Mark 1" YAC clones 135H6 and 192B10 (start codon in 135H6, stop codon in 192B10) and is dispersed over at least 400 kb genomic DNA; the LIM domains are encoded by separate exons: LIM 1 is encoded by exon 8, LIM 2 by exon 9, and LIM 3 by exon 10 and part of exon 11. ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.