Production and analysis protein and phosphor mineral of a high
... foods is cassava. Cassava is rich of carbohydrate, are used in some of food as like as chips and alcoholic beverage. Benefit of cassava is increasing by processing of it until materials, as like as tapioca flour (Radiyati, 1990). In Indonesia we can meet some food with tapioca flour as major materia ...
... foods is cassava. Cassava is rich of carbohydrate, are used in some of food as like as chips and alcoholic beverage. Benefit of cassava is increasing by processing of it until materials, as like as tapioca flour (Radiyati, 1990). In Indonesia we can meet some food with tapioca flour as major materia ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Amyloid β
... Budding of transport vesicles from the microsomes was unlikely under the experimental conditions used here. Nevertheless, the possibility that the Ab42 in the supernatant was contained within transport vesicles and not translocated across the microsomal membrane was analyzed by protease protection a ...
... Budding of transport vesicles from the microsomes was unlikely under the experimental conditions used here. Nevertheless, the possibility that the Ab42 in the supernatant was contained within transport vesicles and not translocated across the microsomal membrane was analyzed by protease protection a ...
A defense-offense multi-layered regulatory switch in a pathogenic
... in response to quorum sensing signal. We identified and studied the structural characteristics and dynamic properties of the core regulatory circuit governing this switch by deterministic and stochastic computational methods, as well as experimentally. This module, termed here Double Selector Switch ...
... in response to quorum sensing signal. We identified and studied the structural characteristics and dynamic properties of the core regulatory circuit governing this switch by deterministic and stochastic computational methods, as well as experimentally. This module, termed here Double Selector Switch ...
Plant Immune Responses Against Viruses
... TBSV p19 protein, within amino acid residues 43 through 85, abolished the typical HR-associated necrotic lesions on N. tabacum during TBSV infection, instead producing mild chlorotic lesions, suggesting that the cell death/necrosis phenotype can be uncoupled from resistance response (Chu et al., 200 ...
... TBSV p19 protein, within amino acid residues 43 through 85, abolished the typical HR-associated necrotic lesions on N. tabacum during TBSV infection, instead producing mild chlorotic lesions, suggesting that the cell death/necrosis phenotype can be uncoupled from resistance response (Chu et al., 200 ...
β-Scruin, a homologue of the actin crosslinking protein scruin, is
... marine invertebrates to overcome this protective layer and achieve fertilization. For example, contact of abalone sperm with an egg releases a 16 kDa lytic protein, lysin, that rapidly creates a hole in the vitelline envelope for sperm entry (Messier and Stewart, 1994). In echinoderms and the horses ...
... marine invertebrates to overcome this protective layer and achieve fertilization. For example, contact of abalone sperm with an egg releases a 16 kDa lytic protein, lysin, that rapidly creates a hole in the vitelline envelope for sperm entry (Messier and Stewart, 1994). In echinoderms and the horses ...
A proteomic chronology of gene expression through the cell cycle in
... D-type cyclins for cell proliferation (Kozar et al., 2004). In contrast to epithelial tumor cell lines, largescale studies examining protein expression in hematopoietic cells are sparse, with the Jurkat-T and K562 cell lines being the only immune cell lines comprehensively profiled (Geiger et al., 2 ...
... D-type cyclins for cell proliferation (Kozar et al., 2004). In contrast to epithelial tumor cell lines, largescale studies examining protein expression in hematopoietic cells are sparse, with the Jurkat-T and K562 cell lines being the only immune cell lines comprehensively profiled (Geiger et al., 2 ...
Auxin Responsiveness of a Novel Cytochrome P450 in Rice
... related to auxin-induced elongation. Using fluorescent differential display (FDD; Kuno et al., 2000), we screened for a subset of auxin-induced genes, whose expression was correlated with the auxin-induced elongation. This was accomplished by including a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant line, Yin-Yang, wi ...
... related to auxin-induced elongation. Using fluorescent differential display (FDD; Kuno et al., 2000), we screened for a subset of auxin-induced genes, whose expression was correlated with the auxin-induced elongation. This was accomplished by including a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant line, Yin-Yang, wi ...
Autophagy in Plasmodium, a multifunctional pathway?
... a mosquito blood meal, elongated sporozoites are injected into the host and invade liver cells. Within a hepatocyte the sporozoite transforms into a round trophozoite and organelles used for the invasion process are expelled [14,15]. The parasite uses a form of asexual replication, schizogony, to pr ...
... a mosquito blood meal, elongated sporozoites are injected into the host and invade liver cells. Within a hepatocyte the sporozoite transforms into a round trophozoite and organelles used for the invasion process are expelled [14,15]. The parasite uses a form of asexual replication, schizogony, to pr ...
Comparative analysis of the Geobacillus hemicellulose utilization locus reveals a highly
... there has been increasing interest in the use of microorganisms and their enzymes for the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses, as a result of the various biotechnological and industrial applications in which the hydrolytic enzymes, the hemicelluloytic process and its products can be exploited. For example, ...
... there has been increasing interest in the use of microorganisms and their enzymes for the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses, as a result of the various biotechnological and industrial applications in which the hydrolytic enzymes, the hemicelluloytic process and its products can be exploited. For example, ...
The complement C3 protein family in invertebrates
... Bilateria, in a common ancestor of Eumetazoa more than 600 MYA. Since then the A2M subfamily has been retained by all metazoan lineages analyzed thus far. In contrast, the C3 subfamily has been retained only by deuterostomes and some protostomes, and has been lost in multiple protostome lineages. Al ...
... Bilateria, in a common ancestor of Eumetazoa more than 600 MYA. Since then the A2M subfamily has been retained by all metazoan lineages analyzed thus far. In contrast, the C3 subfamily has been retained only by deuterostomes and some protostomes, and has been lost in multiple protostome lineages. Al ...
Multiple Mechanisms Contribute to Lateral Transfer of an
... OP-polluted Chinese soil samples (Zhang et al. 2006), and the mpd genes were shown to be part of an active transposon (Wei et al. 2009). Identical opd genes have been found in soil bacteria isolated from diverse geographical regions. The dissimilar opd plasmids pCMS1 and pPDL2 were isolated from B. ...
... OP-polluted Chinese soil samples (Zhang et al. 2006), and the mpd genes were shown to be part of an active transposon (Wei et al. 2009). Identical opd genes have been found in soil bacteria isolated from diverse geographical regions. The dissimilar opd plasmids pCMS1 and pPDL2 were isolated from B. ...
microbial genetics
... words, the presence of a carbohydrate like lactose in the medium signals E.coli to switch ON the genes which encode the enzymes needed for the utilization (breakdown) of lactose by the cell. Genes that code for protein(s) that are part of catabolic pathways are generally inducible. Inducible genes c ...
... words, the presence of a carbohydrate like lactose in the medium signals E.coli to switch ON the genes which encode the enzymes needed for the utilization (breakdown) of lactose by the cell. Genes that code for protein(s) that are part of catabolic pathways are generally inducible. Inducible genes c ...
A 3 -Truncated Transferrin Messenger RNA Is Expressed in Rat
... share sequence homology, including highly conserved cysteine residues. The approximate N-terminal half is homologous to the C-terminal half of each protein. X-ray analysis of the structure of rabbit serotransferrin revealed that each half forms a lobe of approximately 330 amino acids composing two d ...
... share sequence homology, including highly conserved cysteine residues. The approximate N-terminal half is homologous to the C-terminal half of each protein. X-ray analysis of the structure of rabbit serotransferrin revealed that each half forms a lobe of approximately 330 amino acids composing two d ...
Review Molecular Biology in Arteriosclerosis Research
... he purpose of this article is to explore how molecT ular biology can have an impact on research in the broad field of arteriosclerosis. The past few years ...
... he purpose of this article is to explore how molecT ular biology can have an impact on research in the broad field of arteriosclerosis. The past few years ...
B130_Immunohistochemical identification of PAPP-A in
... is notebly expressed in unstable atherosclerotic plaques. It was shown that dPAPP-A is produced by activated cells of the immune system in unstable plaques and is released into the extracellular matrix. Also it was suggested that dPAPP-A could be involved in weakening of the fibrous cap. However, th ...
... is notebly expressed in unstable atherosclerotic plaques. It was shown that dPAPP-A is produced by activated cells of the immune system in unstable plaques and is released into the extracellular matrix. Also it was suggested that dPAPP-A could be involved in weakening of the fibrous cap. However, th ...
Similarities and Differences in the Glycosylation Mechanisms in
... 1(c)). Thus far N-glycosylation has not been observed in Gram-positive bacteria. In the case of archaea, which do not have a compartment equivalent to the ER or periplasm, flipping across the cytoplasmic membrane will position the LLO on the exterior surface of the cell where the subsequent transfer ...
... 1(c)). Thus far N-glycosylation has not been observed in Gram-positive bacteria. In the case of archaea, which do not have a compartment equivalent to the ER or periplasm, flipping across the cytoplasmic membrane will position the LLO on the exterior surface of the cell where the subsequent transfer ...
the art and design of genetic screens
... The lac system. It can be argued that all of molecular biology stems from early detailed studies with three experimental systems: the lac operon of E. coli, and the two E. coli phages T4 and λ (see also the article by Campbell on p471 of this issue). Of these, the lac system remains in widespread us ...
... The lac system. It can be argued that all of molecular biology stems from early detailed studies with three experimental systems: the lac operon of E. coli, and the two E. coli phages T4 and λ (see also the article by Campbell on p471 of this issue). Of these, the lac system remains in widespread us ...
Chapter 2
... invariably successful so there is still an excellent case to be made for applying conventional mutation and isolation techniques for the selection of improved strains. It should be noted that although the technology for cloning glucose isomerase into 'routine' organisms is known, it has not yet been ...
... invariably successful so there is still an excellent case to be made for applying conventional mutation and isolation techniques for the selection of improved strains. It should be noted that although the technology for cloning glucose isomerase into 'routine' organisms is known, it has not yet been ...
Short-term adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
... functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylation is mainly regulated by an upstream kinase LKB1 in skelet ...
... functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylation is mainly regulated by an upstream kinase LKB1 in skelet ...
The advantages of being small Stockholm University
... by themselves, react to stimuli, and self replicate, but what genes and proteins are needed for this? Mollicutes are the smallest self replicating bacteria known today. After the publication of the genome sequence of Mycoplasma genitalium (Fraser et al., 1995) the scientific world has questioned if ...
... by themselves, react to stimuli, and self replicate, but what genes and proteins are needed for this? Mollicutes are the smallest self replicating bacteria known today. After the publication of the genome sequence of Mycoplasma genitalium (Fraser et al., 1995) the scientific world has questioned if ...
LNBI 9043 - Lupin Allergy: Uncovering Structural Features and
... The two major lupin storage proteins are α-conglutin (legumin-like or 11S globulin), and ß-conglutin (vicilin-like or 7S globulin). Vilicin proteins are characterized by two cupin (barrel-shaped) domains constituted by α-helices. Another family with a cupin-like structure, γ-conglutin (basic 7S-glob ...
... The two major lupin storage proteins are α-conglutin (legumin-like or 11S globulin), and ß-conglutin (vicilin-like or 7S globulin). Vilicin proteins are characterized by two cupin (barrel-shaped) domains constituted by α-helices. Another family with a cupin-like structure, γ-conglutin (basic 7S-glob ...
The paradox of elongation factor 4: highly conserved, yet of no
... characteristics, which could be related to an ancient function of this protein family in the translation process [54,55]. A detailed discussion will be provided in the section below. Overexpression of EF4 has been found to be toxic to the E. coli cell [43]. It is understandable that too much of such ...
... characteristics, which could be related to an ancient function of this protein family in the translation process [54,55]. A detailed discussion will be provided in the section below. Overexpression of EF4 has been found to be toxic to the E. coli cell [43]. It is understandable that too much of such ...
Role of Polo-like kinase in the degradation of early mitotic inhibitor 1
... Fig. 2. Plk1 and Cdk1-cyclin B synergistically stimulate the ubiquitylation of Emi1 by SCF-TrCP. (A) Synergistic effect of the two protein kinases on the ligation of Emi1 to ubiquitin (Ub). The ubiquitylation of Emi1 by SCF-TrCP was determined as described in Methods in the presence of the indicat ...
... Fig. 2. Plk1 and Cdk1-cyclin B synergistically stimulate the ubiquitylation of Emi1 by SCF-TrCP. (A) Synergistic effect of the two protein kinases on the ligation of Emi1 to ubiquitin (Ub). The ubiquitylation of Emi1 by SCF-TrCP was determined as described in Methods in the presence of the indicat ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Contains Four Fatty Acid Activation
... (reviewed in reference 49), plus genes that either directly or indirectly regulate FAS transcription; e.g., FAS1 and FAS2 themselves (12, 31), as well as the phosphate-repressible PH05 gene which specifies the organism's principal acid phosphatase (31). S. cerevisiae possesses at least two metabolic ...
... (reviewed in reference 49), plus genes that either directly or indirectly regulate FAS transcription; e.g., FAS1 and FAS2 themselves (12, 31), as well as the phosphate-repressible PH05 gene which specifies the organism's principal acid phosphatase (31). S. cerevisiae possesses at least two metabolic ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.