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Whole Exome Re-Sequencing Implicates CCDC38 and
... Copyright: ß 2014 Wain et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The whole exome re-sequen ...
... Copyright: ß 2014 Wain et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The whole exome re-sequen ...
Solving the shugoshin puzzle
... The comparison of fully sequenced genomes enables the study of selective constraints that determine genome organisation. We show that, in fungi, adjacent divergently transcribed ( !) genes are more conserved in orientation than convergent (! ) or co-oriented (!!) gene pairs. Furthermore, the time di ...
... The comparison of fully sequenced genomes enables the study of selective constraints that determine genome organisation. We show that, in fungi, adjacent divergently transcribed ( !) genes are more conserved in orientation than convergent (! ) or co-oriented (!!) gene pairs. Furthermore, the time di ...
The functional cobalamin (vitamin B12)–intrinsic factor receptor is a
... the gastric mucosa (pernicious anemia), but selective malabsorption of the vitamin may also be due to inherited defects of the various components in the cobalamin uptake system. ImerslundGräsbeck syndrome (I-GS; aka megaloblastic anemia 1, OMIM no. 261 100) is an autosomal recessive disorder charac ...
... the gastric mucosa (pernicious anemia), but selective malabsorption of the vitamin may also be due to inherited defects of the various components in the cobalamin uptake system. ImerslundGräsbeck syndrome (I-GS; aka megaloblastic anemia 1, OMIM no. 261 100) is an autosomal recessive disorder charac ...
PDZ proteins retain and regulate membrane transporters in
... GOPC is also found in the plasma membrane when coexpressed in COS-7 cells with the plasma membrane protein frizzled (78) or with a dominant-negative dynamin 2 that blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis (9). This suggests that GOPC undergoes dynamic trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and the plas ...
... GOPC is also found in the plasma membrane when coexpressed in COS-7 cells with the plasma membrane protein frizzled (78) or with a dominant-negative dynamin 2 that blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis (9). This suggests that GOPC undergoes dynamic trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and the plas ...
A Gain-of-Function Suppressor Screen for Genes
... Gal4-dependent manner (Figure 3). Our experience with EP insertions somehow indicates, however, that this might not be the best way for the validation, since many genes in the neighborhood can be upregulated upon Gal4 transcriptional activation. This is the reason we have not performed in situ hybri ...
... Gal4-dependent manner (Figure 3). Our experience with EP insertions somehow indicates, however, that this might not be the best way for the validation, since many genes in the neighborhood can be upregulated upon Gal4 transcriptional activation. This is the reason we have not performed in situ hybri ...
Medicinal Chemistry Reviews
... suppressing tRNA with unnatural amino acids permitted sitespecific incorporation of virtually any amino acid, but it requires a substantial synthetic undertaking and resulted in poor yields of protein from in vitro translation mixtures. In order to achieve this same type of incorporation in living c ...
... suppressing tRNA with unnatural amino acids permitted sitespecific incorporation of virtually any amino acid, but it requires a substantial synthetic undertaking and resulted in poor yields of protein from in vitro translation mixtures. In order to achieve this same type of incorporation in living c ...
Photoreceptor Membrane Proteins, Phototransduction, and Retinal
... od and cone photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons of the vertebrate retina that function in the primary events of vision. Rod cells are highly sensitive to light and operate under dim lighting conditions. Cones are less sensitive and function in bright light and in color vision. Both photorece ...
... od and cone photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons of the vertebrate retina that function in the primary events of vision. Rod cells are highly sensitive to light and operate under dim lighting conditions. Cones are less sensitive and function in bright light and in color vision. Both photorece ...
LESSON 4 Using Bioinformatics to Analyze Protein
... When genetic researchers study genes, they often do not write down the complementary DNA sequence, the mRNA sequence, and the tRNAs. They use a “short cut.” Because the coding sequence of the DNA and the sequence of the mRNA are the same (except for the thymines instead of uracils), you can predict ...
... When genetic researchers study genes, they often do not write down the complementary DNA sequence, the mRNA sequence, and the tRNAs. They use a “short cut.” Because the coding sequence of the DNA and the sequence of the mRNA are the same (except for the thymines instead of uracils), you can predict ...
Identification, Purification, and Molecular Cloning of
... to determine the intramolecular distribution of deuteriumlabeled Glc liberated during the breakdown of transitory starch showed that most carbon was exported as hexoses at night (Gleixner et al., 1998; Schleucher et al., 1998). The amylolytic pathway of starch breakdown requires the presence of a tr ...
... to determine the intramolecular distribution of deuteriumlabeled Glc liberated during the breakdown of transitory starch showed that most carbon was exported as hexoses at night (Gleixner et al., 1998; Schleucher et al., 1998). The amylolytic pathway of starch breakdown requires the presence of a tr ...
Protein phosphorylation in chloroplasts – a survey of
... available in PhosphAT, 27 published papers as well as unpublished in-house data from the Schulze laboratory were integrated into one dataset. With this combination, a surprisingly high rate of tyrosine phosphorylation in the entire dataset and in chloroplast proteins was reported, even though the da ...
... available in PhosphAT, 27 published papers as well as unpublished in-house data from the Schulze laboratory were integrated into one dataset. With this combination, a surprisingly high rate of tyrosine phosphorylation in the entire dataset and in chloroplast proteins was reported, even though the da ...
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging Reveals
... presence of a continuous bidirectional flow of membrane and proteins into and out of the Golgi. Moreover, most of the processing enzymes are highly dynamic themselves, as they continuously cycle between the Golgi and the ER. One possible mechanism responsible for intra-Golgi concentration (as describ ...
... presence of a continuous bidirectional flow of membrane and proteins into and out of the Golgi. Moreover, most of the processing enzymes are highly dynamic themselves, as they continuously cycle between the Golgi and the ER. One possible mechanism responsible for intra-Golgi concentration (as describ ...
Membrane traffic and fusion at post-Golgi compartments
... Traffic of soluble proteins from the ER to the PM and out of the cell occurs by default, the only requirement being an N-terminal signal peptide for protein translocation across the ER membrane, as shown for several soluble enzymes as well as GFP (Denecke et al., 1991; Batoko et al., 2000). Conversel ...
... Traffic of soluble proteins from the ER to the PM and out of the cell occurs by default, the only requirement being an N-terminal signal peptide for protein translocation across the ER membrane, as shown for several soluble enzymes as well as GFP (Denecke et al., 1991; Batoko et al., 2000). Conversel ...
Protein export elements from Lactococcus lactis
... extracellular proteins and pharmaceuticals.Although, so far, the natural protein export capacity of lactic acid bacteria has scarcely been studied, these bacteria are known to export several proteins, some of which are secretedinto the growth medium. Thus, lactococci export a cell wall-associatedser ...
... extracellular proteins and pharmaceuticals.Although, so far, the natural protein export capacity of lactic acid bacteria has scarcely been studied, these bacteria are known to export several proteins, some of which are secretedinto the growth medium. Thus, lactococci export a cell wall-associatedser ...
122602 Hydrophobic Surfactant Proteins in Lung Function
... Surface tension at the air–liquid interface is reduced by phospholipid films that are stable during the expansion and compression associated with the respiratory cycle. These films are rich in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, which account for most of the molecular mass of surfactant fi ...
... Surface tension at the air–liquid interface is reduced by phospholipid films that are stable during the expansion and compression associated with the respiratory cycle. These films are rich in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, which account for most of the molecular mass of surfactant fi ...
Exploring Important Biological Concepts Using Biology Workbench
... Mitochondria contain both ribosomes and genes. Among the mitochondrial genes are genes coding for 12S rRNA and cytochrome b. Try searching PubMed for “12S rRNA phylogeny” or for “cytochrome b phylogeny” for abstracts that can be used as the basis for a Workbench activity. Protein Structure: Tertiary ...
... Mitochondria contain both ribosomes and genes. Among the mitochondrial genes are genes coding for 12S rRNA and cytochrome b. Try searching PubMed for “12S rRNA phylogeny” or for “cytochrome b phylogeny” for abstracts that can be used as the basis for a Workbench activity. Protein Structure: Tertiary ...
how the ubiquitin–proteasome system controls transcription
... cells carry an entire organism’s worth of genetic information, controlling which genes are turned on, and when, is essential for normal growth and development. It is not surprising, therefore, that cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate the first step in gene expression — transcription ...
... cells carry an entire organism’s worth of genetic information, controlling which genes are turned on, and when, is essential for normal growth and development. It is not surprising, therefore, that cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate the first step in gene expression — transcription ...
Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans and its
... of GlcNAc residues from the universal substrate UDP-Nacetylglucosamine to the growing chain of the polysaccharide. The reaction (catalyzed by ill-known enzymes called chitin synthases, Chsps) requires a divalent metal, generally Mg21, but does not involve a lipid or a high-energy intermediate (Ruiz- ...
... of GlcNAc residues from the universal substrate UDP-Nacetylglucosamine to the growing chain of the polysaccharide. The reaction (catalyzed by ill-known enzymes called chitin synthases, Chsps) requires a divalent metal, generally Mg21, but does not involve a lipid or a high-energy intermediate (Ruiz- ...
Regulation of fatty acid transport and storage: influence of acylation
... adiponectin. Insulin is well documented as a major LPL modulator. In the postprandial state, adipose tissue LPL is increased relative to fasting levels, whereas muscle LPL tends to be reduced. In adipocytes insulin acutely increases LPL activity and secretion, mostly related to changes at the posttr ...
... adiponectin. Insulin is well documented as a major LPL modulator. In the postprandial state, adipose tissue LPL is increased relative to fasting levels, whereas muscle LPL tends to be reduced. In adipocytes insulin acutely increases LPL activity and secretion, mostly related to changes at the posttr ...
western blotting - New England Biolabs GmbH
... Be in Control of Your Western Blot An important consideration in any experiment is the inclusion of appropriate controls. Positive and negative controls ensure confidence that your antibody is detecting a specific signal. In the figure below, Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) antibodies ...
... Be in Control of Your Western Blot An important consideration in any experiment is the inclusion of appropriate controls. Positive and negative controls ensure confidence that your antibody is detecting a specific signal. In the figure below, Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) antibodies ...
Fungal and oomycete effectors – strategies to subdue a host
... such as cutinases, cellulases, pectinases and wax degrading enzymes for penetration of their host. After gaining entrance to the host plants, pathogens require additional ‘tools’ to neutralize the defence reaction of the host and to gain access to nutrients. Resistance in plants to pathogens Resista ...
... such as cutinases, cellulases, pectinases and wax degrading enzymes for penetration of their host. After gaining entrance to the host plants, pathogens require additional ‘tools’ to neutralize the defence reaction of the host and to gain access to nutrients. Resistance in plants to pathogens Resista ...
FEBS Letters
... from hoxU by some 160 bp, part of an O R F is located on the opposite strand, possibly encoding a NifS-like protein. In the case of A. variabilis, two open reading frames are located within the gene cluster (ORF3 between h o x Y and hoxH and O R F 8 between hoxU and hoxY," see Fig. 1 and [7]). O R F ...
... from hoxU by some 160 bp, part of an O R F is located on the opposite strand, possibly encoding a NifS-like protein. In the case of A. variabilis, two open reading frames are located within the gene cluster (ORF3 between h o x Y and hoxH and O R F 8 between hoxU and hoxY," see Fig. 1 and [7]). O R F ...
PDF
... of the function of CDM family members closely related to Mbc. Because CDM proteins form part of multiple signalling pathways, the best-characterised being the Crk-CDM-Rac pathway, we have also used our assay to investigate a postulated role for the adaptor proteins Crk and Crk-like (Crkl) in myoblas ...
... of the function of CDM family members closely related to Mbc. Because CDM proteins form part of multiple signalling pathways, the best-characterised being the Crk-CDM-Rac pathway, we have also used our assay to investigate a postulated role for the adaptor proteins Crk and Crk-like (Crkl) in myoblas ...
Structure and Function of Membrane Proteins: Overview
... B. Due to flexibility of lipid bilayer, membranes are deformable & can change their overall shape (as in locomotion & cell division) C. Bilayer facilitates regulated fusion or budding of membranes – events of secretion (cytoplasmic vesicles fuse to plasma membrane; exocytosis), endocytosis or fertil ...
... B. Due to flexibility of lipid bilayer, membranes are deformable & can change their overall shape (as in locomotion & cell division) C. Bilayer facilitates regulated fusion or budding of membranes – events of secretion (cytoplasmic vesicles fuse to plasma membrane; exocytosis), endocytosis or fertil ...
Address for Correspondence : VASaks
... units, representing the functional and structural complexes of mitochondria with adjacent ATPases. This type of organization likely confers specific regulatory properties of respiration to these muscles (Saks, 2001; Seppet, 2001). To define the nature of these proteins, we isolated genes that are ex ...
... units, representing the functional and structural complexes of mitochondria with adjacent ATPases. This type of organization likely confers specific regulatory properties of respiration to these muscles (Saks, 2001; Seppet, 2001). To define the nature of these proteins, we isolated genes that are ex ...
Lecture 6 (ADP/ATP carrier) []
... Contains more than 100 different polypeptides, with a very high proteinto-phospholipid ratio (more than 3:1 by weight, which is about 1 protein for 15 phospholipids). Additionally, the inner membrane is rich in an unusual phospholipid, cardiolipin. Unlike the outer membrane, the inner membrane does ...
... Contains more than 100 different polypeptides, with a very high proteinto-phospholipid ratio (more than 3:1 by weight, which is about 1 protein for 15 phospholipids). Additionally, the inner membrane is rich in an unusual phospholipid, cardiolipin. Unlike the outer membrane, the inner membrane does ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.