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The Arabidopsis Rab GTPase family: another
... have overlapping functions [9], but it is possible that this reflects a redundancy of trafficking pathways rather than redundancy of Rab function within a pathway. Conversely, in mammals, two splice variants of Rab6a that differ in only three residues in a relatively non-conserved region of the prot ...
... have overlapping functions [9], but it is possible that this reflects a redundancy of trafficking pathways rather than redundancy of Rab function within a pathway. Conversely, in mammals, two splice variants of Rab6a that differ in only three residues in a relatively non-conserved region of the prot ...
Calcium binding chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum
... the PDI family, is known to bind with a high capacity (12 mol of Ca2+ per mol of protein) and low affinity (Lucero et al. 1998). ER Ca2+ and quality control in the secretory pathway The ER is a multifunctional organelle and aside from its role in Ca2+ storage it is also well-known for its role in th ...
... the PDI family, is known to bind with a high capacity (12 mol of Ca2+ per mol of protein) and low affinity (Lucero et al. 1998). ER Ca2+ and quality control in the secretory pathway The ER is a multifunctional organelle and aside from its role in Ca2+ storage it is also well-known for its role in th ...
Functional interaction between a novel protein phosphatase 2A
... The notion that PP2A plays a role in cell cycle regulation is supported by several observations. First, okadaic acid, a strong inhibitor of PP2A, is a tumor promoting agent (Mumby and Walter, 1993). Furthermore, PP2A is a target of transforming proteins of several DNA tumor viruses (Sontag et al., 1 ...
... The notion that PP2A plays a role in cell cycle regulation is supported by several observations. First, okadaic acid, a strong inhibitor of PP2A, is a tumor promoting agent (Mumby and Walter, 1993). Furthermore, PP2A is a target of transforming proteins of several DNA tumor viruses (Sontag et al., 1 ...
Posttranscriptional Control of Chloroplast Gene Expression
... photosynthetic apparatus. The subunits of the photosynthetic complexes are encoded by chloroplast and nuclear genes that need to be coordinately expressed. The study of this molecular crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus was greatly helped by genetic approaches (7). The genetic analysis of phot ...
... photosynthetic apparatus. The subunits of the photosynthetic complexes are encoded by chloroplast and nuclear genes that need to be coordinately expressed. The study of this molecular crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus was greatly helped by genetic approaches (7). The genetic analysis of phot ...
Modular evolution of phosphorylation
... indicates its importance in cellular function. The relative abundance of pSer/pThr-binding domains when compared with pTyr-recognition modules reflects the fact that the phosphorylation of serine/threonine sites is more ancient and more prevalent than tyrosine phosphorylation. A particular phosphope ...
... indicates its importance in cellular function. The relative abundance of pSer/pThr-binding domains when compared with pTyr-recognition modules reflects the fact that the phosphorylation of serine/threonine sites is more ancient and more prevalent than tyrosine phosphorylation. A particular phosphope ...
The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision
... et al., 1987). This retinoid isom er is bound by yet another intracellular binding protein nam ed cellular retinal binding protein (CRA LBP, Futterm an et al., 1977). It presents the retinoid to an oxidoreductase (Saari and Bredberg, 1982), w hich converts it to the final product, 11 -cis retinaldeh ...
... et al., 1987). This retinoid isom er is bound by yet another intracellular binding protein nam ed cellular retinal binding protein (CRA LBP, Futterm an et al., 1977). It presents the retinoid to an oxidoreductase (Saari and Bredberg, 1982), w hich converts it to the final product, 11 -cis retinaldeh ...
Fal1p Is an Essential DEAD-Box Protein Involved in 40S
... eIF4A is stimulated by eIF4B (45, 57). During translation initiation, these two proteins are thought to remove secondary structures in the 59 untranslated region of mRNAs. Such secondary structures impede 40S ribosome binding and movement (scanning process) (34). Thus, an RNA helicase activity is li ...
... eIF4A is stimulated by eIF4B (45, 57). During translation initiation, these two proteins are thought to remove secondary structures in the 59 untranslated region of mRNAs. Such secondary structures impede 40S ribosome binding and movement (scanning process) (34). Thus, an RNA helicase activity is li ...
Origin of the eukaryotic cell
... bacteria was first proposed in the nineteenth century, but it was not widely accepted until Margulis reannounced it with her own molecular experimental evidence in the 1970s (Brindefalk, 2009). Many characters such as single circular genome, bacteria-type transcription and translation enzynmes and c ...
... bacteria was first proposed in the nineteenth century, but it was not widely accepted until Margulis reannounced it with her own molecular experimental evidence in the 1970s (Brindefalk, 2009). Many characters such as single circular genome, bacteria-type transcription and translation enzynmes and c ...
Two-Component System of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
... Under phosphate-starvation-induction conditions, the Response Regulator (RR) PhoP, and the histidine protein kinase (HK) PhoR, are involved in the induction of Pho-regulon genes including the phoPR operon and genes encoding the major vegetative alkaline phosphatases, phoA and phoB. The PhoP protein ...
... Under phosphate-starvation-induction conditions, the Response Regulator (RR) PhoP, and the histidine protein kinase (HK) PhoR, are involved in the induction of Pho-regulon genes including the phoPR operon and genes encoding the major vegetative alkaline phosphatases, phoA and phoB. The PhoP protein ...
v2 PEBiosystems News 2 01/00
... researchers and bioinformatics experts for other work. As a result, we expect this product offering will vastly accelerate discovery by shortening ‘time-to-results’ by weeks or months. In the future, the Applera Genome Initiative will continue to generate valuable information and products to advance ...
... researchers and bioinformatics experts for other work. As a result, we expect this product offering will vastly accelerate discovery by shortening ‘time-to-results’ by weeks or months. In the future, the Applera Genome Initiative will continue to generate valuable information and products to advance ...
iron-regulatory protein 1
... transcript corresponding to the mutated gene was undetectable, indicating that the mutants isolated are true knockout lines. The relative mRNA accumulation of the two remaining genes was not affected in any of the three mutants (Figure 2B). This result indicates that the disruption of an ACO gene do ...
... transcript corresponding to the mutated gene was undetectable, indicating that the mutants isolated are true knockout lines. The relative mRNA accumulation of the two remaining genes was not affected in any of the three mutants (Figure 2B). This result indicates that the disruption of an ACO gene do ...
Site directed mutagenesis of Drosophila flightin disrupts
... myosin in vitro and to a recombinant fragment of the myosin rod that include the COOH-terminal 600 amino acids (28 amino acid-repeat zone 19 to tailpiece) (Ayer and Vigoreaux 2003). The interaction of flightin and myosin is abolished by the glutamate to arginine change in the myosin heavy chain (MHC ...
... myosin in vitro and to a recombinant fragment of the myosin rod that include the COOH-terminal 600 amino acids (28 amino acid-repeat zone 19 to tailpiece) (Ayer and Vigoreaux 2003). The interaction of flightin and myosin is abolished by the glutamate to arginine change in the myosin heavy chain (MHC ...
HIC-5 Is a Novel Repressor of Lymphoid Enhancer Factor/T
... Activation of Wnt/-catenin target genes is regulated by a heterodimer of -catenin and the high mobility group box transcription factors of the lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/T-cell factor (TCF) family. In vertebrates, four LEF/TCF family members have been identified. They all contain a conserved  ...
... Activation of Wnt/-catenin target genes is regulated by a heterodimer of -catenin and the high mobility group box transcription factors of the lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/T-cell factor (TCF) family. In vertebrates, four LEF/TCF family members have been identified. They all contain a conserved  ...
How Translocons Select Transmembrane Helices
... Membrane protein assembly. (a) The machinery of membrane protein assembly. (Step 1) A ribosome translating the mRNA of a protein targeted for secretion across or insertion into membranes and a signal of a recognition particle (SRP), which is a GTPase. The structures of ribosomes are reviewed in Refe ...
... Membrane protein assembly. (a) The machinery of membrane protein assembly. (Step 1) A ribosome translating the mRNA of a protein targeted for secretion across or insertion into membranes and a signal of a recognition particle (SRP), which is a GTPase. The structures of ribosomes are reviewed in Refe ...
One, Two, Three: Polycomb Proteins Hit All Dimensions of
... animals, but some kingdom-specific components evolved to meet the particular needs of the organism’s life cycle (for detailed reviews: [8,11–13]). For instance, the plant LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) is a functional homolog of Pc, despite its structural homology with the HP1 protein family [ ...
... animals, but some kingdom-specific components evolved to meet the particular needs of the organism’s life cycle (for detailed reviews: [8,11–13]). For instance, the plant LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) is a functional homolog of Pc, despite its structural homology with the HP1 protein family [ ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... 2008, 2010; Shimada et al., 2007). The sco and cyo1 (shiyo-u means cotyledon in Japanese) mutants are able to develop almost normally on soil, but their vitality is reduced compared with wild type as measured by reduced seed set. Since all of the SCO genes identified to date are unique and not only ...
... 2008, 2010; Shimada et al., 2007). The sco and cyo1 (shiyo-u means cotyledon in Japanese) mutants are able to develop almost normally on soil, but their vitality is reduced compared with wild type as measured by reduced seed set. Since all of the SCO genes identified to date are unique and not only ...
CBS - Radboud Repository
... M T H FR , two regulating enzymes in hom ocysteine m etabo lism. In this study, we detected a novel G ^ A (D444N) mis sense m utation in the regulatory dom ain of the CBS protein, ...
... M T H FR , two regulating enzymes in hom ocysteine m etabo lism. In this study, we detected a novel G ^ A (D444N) mis sense m utation in the regulatory dom ain of the CBS protein, ...
ANALYSIS OF A BACTERIAL SERINE/THREONINE KINASE
... terminal histidine-tagged proteins. In the work presented here, these proteins have been overexpressed and purified for further study. Mutational analyses revealed that four of the five mutants had decreased kinase activity in comparison to the wildtype protein, thereby establishing the mutated resi ...
... terminal histidine-tagged proteins. In the work presented here, these proteins have been overexpressed and purified for further study. Mutational analyses revealed that four of the five mutants had decreased kinase activity in comparison to the wildtype protein, thereby establishing the mutated resi ...
GENE EXPRESSION
... that E. coli can use for energy and as a carbon source after it is broken down into glucose and galactose. The enzyme that performs the breakdown is -galactosidase (fig. 14.1). (The enzyme can additionally convert lactose to allolactose, which, as we will see, is also important.) There are very few ...
... that E. coli can use for energy and as a carbon source after it is broken down into glucose and galactose. The enzyme that performs the breakdown is -galactosidase (fig. 14.1). (The enzyme can additionally convert lactose to allolactose, which, as we will see, is also important.) There are very few ...
The Roles of Germin Gene Products in Plants Under
... characteristically, α-amylase which increases its activity 100-fold after germination. It was shown that activation of α-amylase is under control of GA (gibberellic acid). In addition, a number of other hydrolytic activities are induced in the barley aleurone by GA, including nucleases, β-glucanases ...
... characteristically, α-amylase which increases its activity 100-fold after germination. It was shown that activation of α-amylase is under control of GA (gibberellic acid). In addition, a number of other hydrolytic activities are induced in the barley aleurone by GA, including nucleases, β-glucanases ...
Cloning, Expression and Interaction Studies of the Potential
... 2011). RubisCO efficiency is also improved through assistance of its assembly from its multiple subunits. The RbcX protein in Synechococcus has been identified as a chaperone that assists in the assembly of the RubisCO subunits. Many proteins require the help of chaperones to fold correctly, and mul ...
... 2011). RubisCO efficiency is also improved through assistance of its assembly from its multiple subunits. The RbcX protein in Synechococcus has been identified as a chaperone that assists in the assembly of the RubisCO subunits. Many proteins require the help of chaperones to fold correctly, and mul ...
Characterization of the Enzymatic Component of the ADP
... Certain strains of Clostridium difficile produce the ADP-ribosyltransferase CDT, which is a binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component ...
... Certain strains of Clostridium difficile produce the ADP-ribosyltransferase CDT, which is a binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component ...
4 - EMD Millipore
... antibiotics, buffers, detergents, dyes, stains, and substrates, which are indispensable for any life science research laboratory. You will find this guide to be a useful resource, whether you are just beginning your research or you are training the new researchers in your laboratory. Specific techni ...
... antibiotics, buffers, detergents, dyes, stains, and substrates, which are indispensable for any life science research laboratory. You will find this guide to be a useful resource, whether you are just beginning your research or you are training the new researchers in your laboratory. Specific techni ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.