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Sample pages 1 PDF
... plant species that collectively incite billions of dollars in annual crop losses around the world. While both nematode groups use very similar parasitic strategies to complete their life cycles (Figure 1), they employ different mechanisms to carry out their strategies. In each group, the motile juve ...
... plant species that collectively incite billions of dollars in annual crop losses around the world. While both nematode groups use very similar parasitic strategies to complete their life cycles (Figure 1), they employ different mechanisms to carry out their strategies. In each group, the motile juve ...
Phagosome maturation in unicellular eukaryote Paramecium: the
... uring phagocytosis cells internalise large particles that are subsequently degraded in lysosomes that comprise the final stage of the endocytic pathways and intracellular traffic (Kornfeld and Mellman 1989; Gruenberg 2001; Luzio et al. 2003). Digestion capability of phagosomes is acquired in the pro ...
... uring phagocytosis cells internalise large particles that are subsequently degraded in lysosomes that comprise the final stage of the endocytic pathways and intracellular traffic (Kornfeld and Mellman 1989; Gruenberg 2001; Luzio et al. 2003). Digestion capability of phagosomes is acquired in the pro ...
Optimality models in biology nanocourse @ Harvard
... producing proteins without benefit Use inducer IPTG to produce LacZ, this inducer cannot be metabolized, hence no benefit ...
... producing proteins without benefit Use inducer IPTG to produce LacZ, this inducer cannot be metabolized, hence no benefit ...
PROTEINS IN NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS III
... present. In the light of this synchrony, the remaining 19 undivided amebae were considered to have been in a late part of the G2 stage at the time of nuclear isolations. All nuclei were isolated in a spermidine-triton solution (4). T h e mean radioactive protein content of these 19 G2 nuclei was 413 ...
... present. In the light of this synchrony, the remaining 19 undivided amebae were considered to have been in a late part of the G2 stage at the time of nuclear isolations. All nuclei were isolated in a spermidine-triton solution (4). T h e mean radioactive protein content of these 19 G2 nuclei was 413 ...
Mader 11 ch 5 Membrane Structure and Function
... Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and Function 5.3 Active Transport Across a Membrane Phagocytosis animation ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\phagocytosis animation and tutorial.swf ...
... Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and Function 5.3 Active Transport Across a Membrane Phagocytosis animation ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\phagocytosis animation and tutorial.swf ...
The Expression of an Extensin-Like Protein
... latter designate conserved amino acids in the oneletter code. To get an indication of the number of related genes in the tomato genome, genomic DNA was digested with four different restriction enzymes of which EcoRI, EcoRV, and HindIII do not cut within the cDNA sequence, and the restricted DNA was ...
... latter designate conserved amino acids in the oneletter code. To get an indication of the number of related genes in the tomato genome, genomic DNA was digested with four different restriction enzymes of which EcoRI, EcoRV, and HindIII do not cut within the cDNA sequence, and the restricted DNA was ...
PROTEINS IN NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC
... present. In the light of this synchrony, the remaining 19 undivided amebae were considered to have been in a late part of the G2 stage at the time of nuclear isolations. All nuclei were isolated in a spermidine-triton solution (4). T h e mean radioactive protein content of these 19 G2 nuclei was 413 ...
... present. In the light of this synchrony, the remaining 19 undivided amebae were considered to have been in a late part of the G2 stage at the time of nuclear isolations. All nuclei were isolated in a spermidine-triton solution (4). T h e mean radioactive protein content of these 19 G2 nuclei was 413 ...
Chemical approaches to study metabolic networks
... regulation of enzyme activities within these biochemical networks is subject to multiple levels of regulation, including transcriptional, translational, post-translational, and allosteric processes which, in turn, influence metabolite levels or rates of reactions through metabolic pathways, i.e., me ...
... regulation of enzyme activities within these biochemical networks is subject to multiple levels of regulation, including transcriptional, translational, post-translational, and allosteric processes which, in turn, influence metabolite levels or rates of reactions through metabolic pathways, i.e., me ...
irm_ch21
... 21.29 The forces that hold a substrate at an enzyme active site are electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid R groups. 21.30 Covalent bonds are too strong and too permanent; weaker bonds are needed so the substrate can leave the active site. 21.31 a. Absolut ...
... 21.29 The forces that hold a substrate at an enzyme active site are electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid R groups. 21.30 Covalent bonds are too strong and too permanent; weaker bonds are needed so the substrate can leave the active site. 21.31 a. Absolut ...
The Tobacco Mosaic Virus 126-Kilodalton Protein
... represent 5# and 3# untranslated regions, rectangular boxes represent open reading frames, and arrowed rectangles represent promoter sequences. Promoter-gene-terminator constructs for particle bombardment (D) or agroinfiltration (A, B, C, D) studies and TMV constructs for virus infection studies (E ...
... represent 5# and 3# untranslated regions, rectangular boxes represent open reading frames, and arrowed rectangles represent promoter sequences. Promoter-gene-terminator constructs for particle bombardment (D) or agroinfiltration (A, B, C, D) studies and TMV constructs for virus infection studies (E ...
Expression and immunogenicity of the entire human T cell
... 1990) and homogenized in a glass homogenizer in the presence of DNase I (1 mg/ml) (Boehringer Mannheim). The suspension was centrifuged for 20 rain at 10000 g. Pellets were sonicated in TD buffer and incubated as described (Nyunoya et al., 1990). Future use of the pellets decided the further process ...
... 1990) and homogenized in a glass homogenizer in the presence of DNase I (1 mg/ml) (Boehringer Mannheim). The suspension was centrifuged for 20 rain at 10000 g. Pellets were sonicated in TD buffer and incubated as described (Nyunoya et al., 1990). Future use of the pellets decided the further process ...
INFERRING PROPERTY SELECTION PRESSURE FROM
... are present in this position), then many properties will have low variance. In the extreme case of only a single amino acid present, all properties will have zero variance. In addition, a variance-based measure is inadequate because it fails to penalize for residues that have not been observed. Figu ...
... are present in this position), then many properties will have low variance. In the extreme case of only a single amino acid present, all properties will have zero variance. In addition, a variance-based measure is inadequate because it fails to penalize for residues that have not been observed. Figu ...
Is HP1 an RNA detector that functions both in repression and
... have relied on phenotypic assays (such as position effect variegation) or measurements of steady state mRNA levels. One exception to this is the use of a nuclear run-on assay showing HP1 regulation of transcription initiation rates at cenH transposons (Volpe et al., 2002). The finding by this study ...
... have relied on phenotypic assays (such as position effect variegation) or measurements of steady state mRNA levels. One exception to this is the use of a nuclear run-on assay showing HP1 regulation of transcription initiation rates at cenH transposons (Volpe et al., 2002). The finding by this study ...
SGD: Saccharomyces Genome Database.
... genome. Systematic efforts to identify S.cerevisiae genes, describe their role within the cell’s life cycle, and reveal their interactions with other gene products are now underway. Such experimental approaches are changing how basic biological research is conducted and are resulting in an explosion ...
... genome. Systematic efforts to identify S.cerevisiae genes, describe their role within the cell’s life cycle, and reveal their interactions with other gene products are now underway. Such experimental approaches are changing how basic biological research is conducted and are resulting in an explosion ...
Membrane Topology of Cytochrome P450 2B4 in
... membrane-bound component of the endoplasmic reticulum that is known to exist as a soluble heme domain with a single transmembrane α-helical anchor, exhibits identical biphasic kinetics when injected beneath phosphatidylcholine monolayers. The soluble cytochromes, P450cam and Mb, and the truncated pr ...
... membrane-bound component of the endoplasmic reticulum that is known to exist as a soluble heme domain with a single transmembrane α-helical anchor, exhibits identical biphasic kinetics when injected beneath phosphatidylcholine monolayers. The soluble cytochromes, P450cam and Mb, and the truncated pr ...
NeuroGeM, a knowledgebase of genetic modifiers
... Modifiers can be grouped into aggregation modifiers and toxicity modifiers depending on the quantification method: the primary effect of aggregation modifiers is to increase or decrease aggregates while the primary effect of toxicity modifiers is to change the phenotype eventually leading to cell de ...
... Modifiers can be grouped into aggregation modifiers and toxicity modifiers depending on the quantification method: the primary effect of aggregation modifiers is to increase or decrease aggregates while the primary effect of toxicity modifiers is to change the phenotype eventually leading to cell de ...
Structural Influences: Cholesterol, Drug, and Proton Binding to Full
... Isotopically labeled M2FL protein was expressed with N-terminal histidine-6 tag from the BL21 RP codon plus Escherichia coli. Initial cultures were grown in rich media. Two liters of cells were pelleted and washed with 50 mL of M9 minimal media before growing 1 L of M9 culture supplemented with a 10 ...
... Isotopically labeled M2FL protein was expressed with N-terminal histidine-6 tag from the BL21 RP codon plus Escherichia coli. Initial cultures were grown in rich media. Two liters of cells were pelleted and washed with 50 mL of M9 minimal media before growing 1 L of M9 culture supplemented with a 10 ...
HnRNP C1/C2 May Regulate Exon 7 Splicing in the Spinal Muscular
... To test whether the poly-U stretch is required for protein-binding, we carried out electrophoretic mobility shift assays of the protein complexes with the following FAM-labeled SMN1-specific RNA probes: S1-2 (in which a single U nucleotide at position -12 of SMN1 exon 7 was deleted), S1-3 (in which ...
... To test whether the poly-U stretch is required for protein-binding, we carried out electrophoretic mobility shift assays of the protein complexes with the following FAM-labeled SMN1-specific RNA probes: S1-2 (in which a single U nucleotide at position -12 of SMN1 exon 7 was deleted), S1-3 (in which ...
The TEA Transcription Factor Tec1 Links TOR and MAPK Pathways
... interconnected to allow integration of multiple signals and to ensure activation of the correct cellular programs. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well suited to study the mechanisms of signal integration in eukaryotes, because numerous evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways are p ...
... interconnected to allow integration of multiple signals and to ensure activation of the correct cellular programs. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well suited to study the mechanisms of signal integration in eukaryotes, because numerous evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways are p ...
1 Nucleoli: Composition, Function and Dynamics
... chromatin. This is an indication that the active rDNA is highly dispersed within the nucleolus. On the basis of their appearance in electron microscope images, the nucleoli in many animal cells have been described in terms of a tripartite structure, with small, lightly staining regions called fibril ...
... chromatin. This is an indication that the active rDNA is highly dispersed within the nucleolus. On the basis of their appearance in electron microscope images, the nucleoli in many animal cells have been described in terms of a tripartite structure, with small, lightly staining regions called fibril ...
Peptide inhibitors of the essential cell division protein FtsA
... The revolutionary era of antibiotics has been overwhelmed by the evolutionary capacity of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa to develop resistance to all classes of antibiotics. In the perspective of identifying new antimicrobials using novel strategies, we targeted the essential and high ...
... The revolutionary era of antibiotics has been overwhelmed by the evolutionary capacity of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa to develop resistance to all classes of antibiotics. In the perspective of identifying new antimicrobials using novel strategies, we targeted the essential and high ...
Lecture 6 - U of L Class Index
... Structural gene clusters are coordinately controlled. 9 Bacterial genes are organized into clusters that include genes coding for proteins that are functionally related. ...
... Structural gene clusters are coordinately controlled. 9 Bacterial genes are organized into clusters that include genes coding for proteins that are functionally related. ...
Vesicle-mediated Protein Transport: Regulatory
... Vps34p. In addition, characterization of a temperaturesensitive allele of VPS34 demonstrates that inactivation of Vps34p leads to the immediate missorting of soluble vacuolar proteins (e.g., carboxypeptidase Y) without an apparent defect in the sorting of the vacuolar membrane protein alkaline phosp ...
... Vps34p. In addition, characterization of a temperaturesensitive allele of VPS34 demonstrates that inactivation of Vps34p leads to the immediate missorting of soluble vacuolar proteins (e.g., carboxypeptidase Y) without an apparent defect in the sorting of the vacuolar membrane protein alkaline phosp ...
Mapping allosteric connections from the receptor G proteins
... of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600; and ‡Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ...
... of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600; and ‡Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ...
The Proteomic Code: a molecular recognition code for proteins
... The RNA world is proposed to have evolved into the DNA and protein world of today. DNA, through its greater chemical stability, took over the role of data storage while proteins, which are more flexible as catalysis through the great variety of amino acids, became the specialized catalytic molecules ...
... The RNA world is proposed to have evolved into the DNA and protein world of today. DNA, through its greater chemical stability, took over the role of data storage while proteins, which are more flexible as catalysis through the great variety of amino acids, became the specialized catalytic molecules ...
Protein moonlighting
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3EL3.png?width=300)
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.