SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
... at the neck of endocytic vesicles, as well as the role of SNX9 in coupling vesicle formation and actin remodeling. Finally, we discuss potential mechanisms of SNX9 regulation and outline a model of its function in CME. The SNX9-family proteins SNX9 was first described in 1999 as a Src homology 3 (SH ...
... at the neck of endocytic vesicles, as well as the role of SNX9 in coupling vesicle formation and actin remodeling. Finally, we discuss potential mechanisms of SNX9 regulation and outline a model of its function in CME. The SNX9-family proteins SNX9 was first described in 1999 as a Src homology 3 (SH ...
Mutations in a Signal Sequence for the Thylakoid Membrane Identify
... 1986; Howe and Merchant, 1993). As for the L H C P and other thylakoid proteins, the events that occur at the thylakoid membrane as proteins are inserting or translocating across are still uncharacterized. It is also unknown how chloroplast-encoded proteins, which comprise ",~50 % of the protein fou ...
... 1986; Howe and Merchant, 1993). As for the L H C P and other thylakoid proteins, the events that occur at the thylakoid membrane as proteins are inserting or translocating across are still uncharacterized. It is also unknown how chloroplast-encoded proteins, which comprise ",~50 % of the protein fou ...
Diversity of heterotrimeric G-protein γ subunits in plants | SpringerLink
... selectivity to G-proteins. Three unconventional Gγ subunits were recently reported in Arabidopsis, rice and soybean but no structural analysis has been reported so far. Their relationship with conventional Gγ subunits and taxonomical distribution has not been yet demonstrated. Results: After an exte ...
... selectivity to G-proteins. Three unconventional Gγ subunits were recently reported in Arabidopsis, rice and soybean but no structural analysis has been reported so far. Their relationship with conventional Gγ subunits and taxonomical distribution has not been yet demonstrated. Results: After an exte ...
ZO-3, a Novel Member of the MAGUK Protein Family Found at the
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
Protein A Affinity Column for Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) Titer Analysis
... analysis. The challenge facing the analytical laboratories in the pharmaceutical industry is to develop highthroughput and robust titer assay. ...
... analysis. The challenge facing the analytical laboratories in the pharmaceutical industry is to develop highthroughput and robust titer assay. ...
Circadian Regulator CLOCK Is a Histone Acetyltransferase
... proteins (Figure 1B). It is also noteworthy that CLOCK and ACTR share a number of other structural features outside of the carboxy-terminal glutamine-rich region. These include the highly conserved bHLH-PAS domain at the amino termini, a NRID (nuclear receptor interaction domain), as well as serine- ...
... proteins (Figure 1B). It is also noteworthy that CLOCK and ACTR share a number of other structural features outside of the carboxy-terminal glutamine-rich region. These include the highly conserved bHLH-PAS domain at the amino termini, a NRID (nuclear receptor interaction domain), as well as serine- ...
Project No: 2
... s encoded by rpoS that in turn controls the synthesis of seven acid shock proteins {782}. Similar factors are also present in E. coli and Yersinia enterocolitica and are responsible for the survival of these bacteria under stress conditions {810, 869}. The sigma factor is also related to the virule ...
... s encoded by rpoS that in turn controls the synthesis of seven acid shock proteins {782}. Similar factors are also present in E. coli and Yersinia enterocolitica and are responsible for the survival of these bacteria under stress conditions {810, 869}. The sigma factor is also related to the virule ...
Misregulation of pre-mRNA splicing that causes human diseases
... About one third of all human genes are subject to alternative splicing. The molecular mechanisms that regulate alternative splice site usage are beginning to emerge and show that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are integrated processes that can be modified by cellular signals. Several diseases ...
... About one third of all human genes are subject to alternative splicing. The molecular mechanisms that regulate alternative splice site usage are beginning to emerge and show that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are integrated processes that can be modified by cellular signals. Several diseases ...
Pseudogenes as regulators of biological function
... study of pseudogene sequences revealed that some are relatively well conserved, and these are more likely to be transcribed [20]. Furthermore, approximately half of transcribed pseudogenes identified in humans are well conserved across primates [21]. Analysing the expression of coding genes in diffe ...
... study of pseudogene sequences revealed that some are relatively well conserved, and these are more likely to be transcribed [20]. Furthermore, approximately half of transcribed pseudogenes identified in humans are well conserved across primates [21]. Analysing the expression of coding genes in diffe ...
Novel In Vitro Method for Screening Inhibitors of Protein Translation
... expression in these experiments could potentially serve as internal control making sure the IVT expression system is functional. In Panel C, instead of having two separate mRNA’s as in Panel B, a single dual-luciferase mRNA containing both Tluc and RFF on the same construct was expressed. Again, m7G ...
... expression in these experiments could potentially serve as internal control making sure the IVT expression system is functional. In Panel C, instead of having two separate mRNA’s as in Panel B, a single dual-luciferase mRNA containing both Tluc and RFF on the same construct was expressed. Again, m7G ...
Frontiers in Bioscience S4, 1266-1274, June 1
... portion or “slice” represents potential abnormality of the cells in the seminiferous tubules undergoing spermatogenesis. The diagram correlates with the Table appended in the article. The function of each small RNA mentioned in the figure is detailed in the Table. In order, beginning at the normal p ...
... portion or “slice” represents potential abnormality of the cells in the seminiferous tubules undergoing spermatogenesis. The diagram correlates with the Table appended in the article. The function of each small RNA mentioned in the figure is detailed in the Table. In order, beginning at the normal p ...
Determinants of mRNA localization University
... compartments where each isoform is synthesized. During muscle differentiation, for instance, co-localization of sarcomeric actin mRNA with other mRNAs encoding contractile proteins could establish a sarcomere assembly complex. The extent to which non-coding elements function in gene expression is be ...
... compartments where each isoform is synthesized. During muscle differentiation, for instance, co-localization of sarcomeric actin mRNA with other mRNAs encoding contractile proteins could establish a sarcomere assembly complex. The extent to which non-coding elements function in gene expression is be ...
The enemy within: ricin and plant cells
... It should be noted that sequestration of RIPs in the secretory pathway is also used by other dicotyledonous plants whose ribosomes are sensitive to their endogenous RIPs, and is presumably a strategy to prevent these toxins from accidentally reaching the cytosol (Bonness et al., 1994). Most of these ...
... It should be noted that sequestration of RIPs in the secretory pathway is also used by other dicotyledonous plants whose ribosomes are sensitive to their endogenous RIPs, and is presumably a strategy to prevent these toxins from accidentally reaching the cytosol (Bonness et al., 1994). Most of these ...
Photomorphogenesis, B-Box Transcription Factors
... later, the first rigorous research on phototropism was performed by his grandson Charles Darwin, who reported his experiments in The Power of Movement in Plants, published in 1880. Subsequently, at the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of the daily duration of light in the control of flo ...
... later, the first rigorous research on phototropism was performed by his grandson Charles Darwin, who reported his experiments in The Power of Movement in Plants, published in 1880. Subsequently, at the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of the daily duration of light in the control of flo ...
U2Word
... C. Codon prevalence: for highly expressed genes (that code for proteins that are needed at high levels), certain codons among the various synonyms are used much more often than others. The number of “usually used” codons is in the low 20s, so that one codon is preffered for many of the AAs, and it i ...
... C. Codon prevalence: for highly expressed genes (that code for proteins that are needed at high levels), certain codons among the various synonyms are used much more often than others. The number of “usually used” codons is in the low 20s, so that one codon is preffered for many of the AAs, and it i ...
The caspase-cleaved DAP5 protein supports internal ribosome entry
... What molecular mechanisms underlie the switch from capdependent to IRES-mediated translation in dying cells? Normally eIF4G proteins coordinate the assembly of the translation initiation complex, bridging between the translation machinery (via eIF3) and the capped mRNA (via eIF4E). The eIF4G family ...
... What molecular mechanisms underlie the switch from capdependent to IRES-mediated translation in dying cells? Normally eIF4G proteins coordinate the assembly of the translation initiation complex, bridging between the translation machinery (via eIF3) and the capped mRNA (via eIF4E). The eIF4G family ...
Selective Dimerization of a C2H2 Zinc Finger Subfamily
... fingers comprise a bona fide dimerization domain. Dimerization is highly selective, however, as homologous domains from the TRPS-1 and Drosophila Hunchback proteins support homodimerization, but not heterodimerization with Ikaros. Ikaros-Hunchback selectivity is determined by 11 residues concentrate ...
... fingers comprise a bona fide dimerization domain. Dimerization is highly selective, however, as homologous domains from the TRPS-1 and Drosophila Hunchback proteins support homodimerization, but not heterodimerization with Ikaros. Ikaros-Hunchback selectivity is determined by 11 residues concentrate ...
Adherence of Pathogenic Mycoplasmas to Host Cells
... Adherence of Pathogenic Mycoplasmas to Host Cells Shmuel Razin 1 The significant genome compaction in mycoplasmas was made possible by adoption of a parasitic lifestyle. During their evolution and adaptation to a parasitic mode of life the mycoplasmas have developed various genetic systems enabling ...
... Adherence of Pathogenic Mycoplasmas to Host Cells Shmuel Razin 1 The significant genome compaction in mycoplasmas was made possible by adoption of a parasitic lifestyle. During their evolution and adaptation to a parasitic mode of life the mycoplasmas have developed various genetic systems enabling ...
Chapter 10
... taken by secreted proteins simply by labeling newly synthesized proteins with radioactive amino acids in a procedure known as a “pulse-chase” experiment. The location of the radiolabeled proteins within the cell was then determined by autoradiography and electron microscopy, revealing the cellular s ...
... taken by secreted proteins simply by labeling newly synthesized proteins with radioactive amino acids in a procedure known as a “pulse-chase” experiment. The location of the radiolabeled proteins within the cell was then determined by autoradiography and electron microscopy, revealing the cellular s ...
The hepatitis C virus Core protein is a potent nucleic acid chaperone
... polyprotein of 3010 amino acids that is ¯anked by 5¢ and 3¢ untranslated regions (UTR) of ~340 and ~230 nt, respectively. The 5¢ and 3¢ UTRs bear highly conserved RNA structures that are essential for protein synthesis and viral RNA replication. The viral polyprotein precursor is cleaved by cellular ...
... polyprotein of 3010 amino acids that is ¯anked by 5¢ and 3¢ untranslated regions (UTR) of ~340 and ~230 nt, respectively. The 5¢ and 3¢ UTRs bear highly conserved RNA structures that are essential for protein synthesis and viral RNA replication. The viral polyprotein precursor is cleaved by cellular ...
The Salmonella Effector Protein SopA Modulates Innate Immune
... better understand the potential significance of its interaction with SopA, we searched for TRIM65-interacting proteins. We transduced THP-1 monocytic cells with a retroviral vector expressing FLAG epitope-tagged TRIM65 or an equally tagged irrelevant protein (as a control), and interacting proteins ...
... better understand the potential significance of its interaction with SopA, we searched for TRIM65-interacting proteins. We transduced THP-1 monocytic cells with a retroviral vector expressing FLAG epitope-tagged TRIM65 or an equally tagged irrelevant protein (as a control), and interacting proteins ...
Periplasmic folding factors in Gram-negative bacteria
... approximately 600 Da (2). This barrier function protects bacteria from harmful substances in their environment, such as antibiotics and detergents. Defects in the biogenesis of the outer membrane are known to increase the sensitivity of bacteria for such harmful substances (3). The outer membrane is ...
... approximately 600 Da (2). This barrier function protects bacteria from harmful substances in their environment, such as antibiotics and detergents. Defects in the biogenesis of the outer membrane are known to increase the sensitivity of bacteria for such harmful substances (3). The outer membrane is ...
Protein sorting at the ER–Golgi interface
... δ-subunits are important for sorting of Arg-based retrieval signals (Michelsen et al., 2007), and aromatic amino acids on the small cytoplasmic tails of the p24 family of proteins bind directly to the F-subcomplex (Fiedler et al., 1996). Furthermore, δ-COP binds a WxW motif of a cytosolic accessory ...
... δ-subunits are important for sorting of Arg-based retrieval signals (Michelsen et al., 2007), and aromatic amino acids on the small cytoplasmic tails of the p24 family of proteins bind directly to the F-subcomplex (Fiedler et al., 1996). Furthermore, δ-COP binds a WxW motif of a cytosolic accessory ...
Bioconductor`s SNPath package
... disease risk, and have successfully identified susceptibility loci for various complex diseases. In addition, many methods have been proposed to evaluate the association between disease risk and a set of SNPs that belongs to functional gene sets or pathways. The SNPath package contains four differen ...
... disease risk, and have successfully identified susceptibility loci for various complex diseases. In addition, many methods have been proposed to evaluate the association between disease risk and a set of SNPs that belongs to functional gene sets or pathways. The SNPath package contains four differen ...
Biogenesis and significance of lipofuscin in the equine thyroid gland
... histochemistry. They increase in number with age in post-mitotic cells, and are regarded as markers of the aging process. Lipofuscin is widely assumed to consist of products of peroxidised fatty acids cross-linked with amino groups of proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids, but this theory has n ...
... histochemistry. They increase in number with age in post-mitotic cells, and are regarded as markers of the aging process. Lipofuscin is widely assumed to consist of products of peroxidised fatty acids cross-linked with amino groups of proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids, but this theory has n ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.