Direct Tissue Analysis by Matrix
... delay between passes provides sufficient drying time. Multiple passes are necessary to coat the entire tissue, but overcoating can suppress analyte signal. The matrix coverage can be monitored as necessary under a microscope. ...
... delay between passes provides sufficient drying time. Multiple passes are necessary to coat the entire tissue, but overcoating can suppress analyte signal. The matrix coverage can be monitored as necessary under a microscope. ...
Document
... • RNA editing creates mature mRNA that are not truly encoded by the genome. • For example – – apolipoprotein B exists in 2 isoforms – one isoform is produced by editing the mRNA to create a stop codon – this RNA editing is tissue-specific ...
... • RNA editing creates mature mRNA that are not truly encoded by the genome. • For example – – apolipoprotein B exists in 2 isoforms – one isoform is produced by editing the mRNA to create a stop codon – this RNA editing is tissue-specific ...
Relationship between Hot Spot Residues and Ligand Binding Hot
... a standard set of 16 small probe molecules.32 We used a mask to favor the atoms of the RNase A surface that are within 5 Å of any atom of RNI in the complex (see Materials and Methods). Figure 1b shows that FTMap identified the same three consensus sites found experimentally by MSCS, as well as an ad ...
... a standard set of 16 small probe molecules.32 We used a mask to favor the atoms of the RNase A surface that are within 5 Å of any atom of RNI in the complex (see Materials and Methods). Figure 1b shows that FTMap identified the same three consensus sites found experimentally by MSCS, as well as an ad ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target ...
... The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target ...
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity
... is subject to extensive post-transcriptional regulation, in which more than 256 alternatively processed transcripts encode variants of receptors, adaptors and signalling molecules13. Every TLR gene has numerous alternatively spliced variants13–18, and TLR1 to TLR7 all have between two and four predi ...
... is subject to extensive post-transcriptional regulation, in which more than 256 alternatively processed transcripts encode variants of receptors, adaptors and signalling molecules13. Every TLR gene has numerous alternatively spliced variants13–18, and TLR1 to TLR7 all have between two and four predi ...
The HSP90-SGT1 Chaperone Complex for NLR
... Unlike the transmembrane-type immune sensors, NLR proteins appear to recognize pathogen determinants in the cytoplasm. For example, major pools of plant NLR proteins, including RPM1, the Mla alleles, and RPS4, are membrane associated but have no obvious transmembrane domains (13, 16, 131). Conversel ...
... Unlike the transmembrane-type immune sensors, NLR proteins appear to recognize pathogen determinants in the cytoplasm. For example, major pools of plant NLR proteins, including RPM1, the Mla alleles, and RPS4, are membrane associated but have no obvious transmembrane domains (13, 16, 131). Conversel ...
Optimization of the heterologous expression of folate metabolic Plasmodium falciparum
... therefore imperative that novel drug targets are developed or current antimalarial drugs optimized (Foley and Tilley 1998). One such target is folate biosynthesis, given that folates and their derivatives are required for the survival of organisms (Muller et al. 2009). DHFR and DHPS are currently th ...
... therefore imperative that novel drug targets are developed or current antimalarial drugs optimized (Foley and Tilley 1998). One such target is folate biosynthesis, given that folates and their derivatives are required for the survival of organisms (Muller et al. 2009). DHFR and DHPS are currently th ...
Nucleoli: Composition, Function, and Dynamics
... of the rDNA, tandemly repeated copies of the genes for three of the four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs: s-rRNA, 5.8S-rRNA, and l-rRNA), which are called the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of the chromosomes (Raska et al., 2006a, 2006b). The rDNA repeats are transcribed as a single precursor RNA, which i ...
... of the rDNA, tandemly repeated copies of the genes for three of the four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs: s-rRNA, 5.8S-rRNA, and l-rRNA), which are called the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of the chromosomes (Raska et al., 2006a, 2006b). The rDNA repeats are transcribed as a single precursor RNA, which i ...
Analysis of the root-hair morphogenesis transcriptome reveals the
... expression in the WT RHDZ were 330, 87 and 17, respectively. At5g04730 has the greatest differential expression (142-fold) and was called as not detectable in rhd2-1. This gene is currently of unknown function. Supplementary Table S2 shows a functional analysis, using gene ontologies (GOs) from TAIR ...
... expression in the WT RHDZ were 330, 87 and 17, respectively. At5g04730 has the greatest differential expression (142-fold) and was called as not detectable in rhd2-1. This gene is currently of unknown function. Supplementary Table S2 shows a functional analysis, using gene ontologies (GOs) from TAIR ...
Leukaemia Section t(1;14)(q21;q32) MUC1/IGH Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... Genes involved and proteins ...
... Genes involved and proteins ...
Full Text - Labs / Projects - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
... dTopors Is a Hairy-interacting Protein—We have previously used a yeast two-hybrid assay to isolate cDNAs encoding proteins that show Hairy-specific binding activity (16).2 One of these cDNAs (CG15104) encodes a 1038-amino acid protein that interacts with Hairy in a GST pull-down assay using in vitro ...
... dTopors Is a Hairy-interacting Protein—We have previously used a yeast two-hybrid assay to isolate cDNAs encoding proteins that show Hairy-specific binding activity (16).2 One of these cDNAs (CG15104) encodes a 1038-amino acid protein that interacts with Hairy in a GST pull-down assay using in vitro ...
C. elegans as a model organism to investigate
... adult) and the availability of various methods to alter expression of protein levels have established C. elegans as a valuable organism to dissect different pathways involved in the pathology of disease. In this review, both genetic and environmental causes of PD and their associated cellular malfun ...
... adult) and the availability of various methods to alter expression of protein levels have established C. elegans as a valuable organism to dissect different pathways involved in the pathology of disease. In this review, both genetic and environmental causes of PD and their associated cellular malfun ...
PDF 51 - The Open University
... inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. (iii) Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a kind of signalling in which signals are transmitted over larger distances, for example from one organ, such as the brain, to another, such as the adrenal gland. For long-distance signal ...
... inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. (iii) Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a kind of signalling in which signals are transmitted over larger distances, for example from one organ, such as the brain, to another, such as the adrenal gland. For long-distance signal ...
Rapid bursts and slow declines: on the possible evolutionary
... of metabolic flux or energy efficiency. Unlike the trajectory portrayed in figure 1, this model predicts that many extant enzymes have poorer activities than their ancient ancestors. Furthermore, it predicts that their activities will continue to decline into the future, as selection to retain or im ...
... of metabolic flux or energy efficiency. Unlike the trajectory portrayed in figure 1, this model predicts that many extant enzymes have poorer activities than their ancient ancestors. Furthermore, it predicts that their activities will continue to decline into the future, as selection to retain or im ...
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
... children are born with PKU, there are about eight of them that live only hours from here… in the state of Wyoming! I have access to contact any of them when I need to, so, no… I am not alone and YES I am an ordinary young man. One in every fifty people carry the PKU gene. If both parents carry the g ...
... children are born with PKU, there are about eight of them that live only hours from here… in the state of Wyoming! I have access to contact any of them when I need to, so, no… I am not alone and YES I am an ordinary young man. One in every fifty people carry the PKU gene. If both parents carry the g ...
Mechanisms of Cross Talk between Gibberellin and Other Hormones1
... output of plant hormone action depends on specific hormone combinations rather than on the independent activities of each. In the last two decades, numerous components of the signal transduction pathways of various plant hormones have been identified, leading to the elucidation of partial or entire ...
... output of plant hormone action depends on specific hormone combinations rather than on the independent activities of each. In the last two decades, numerous components of the signal transduction pathways of various plant hormones have been identified, leading to the elucidation of partial or entire ...
Leukaemia Section 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS, eight p11 myeloproliferative syndrome)
... This translocation was described in 1983 but molecularly characterized by Guasch et al. in 2000 (Guasch et al., 2000). This translocation has been reported in more than ten cases until date (Mozziconazzi et al., 2008; Jackson et al., 2010) and the MPD caused by this aberration transforms rapidly and ...
... This translocation was described in 1983 but molecularly characterized by Guasch et al. in 2000 (Guasch et al., 2000). This translocation has been reported in more than ten cases until date (Mozziconazzi et al., 2008; Jackson et al., 2010) and the MPD caused by this aberration transforms rapidly and ...
Reciprocal products of chromosomal translocations in human
... GC formation [7]. BCL-6 expression is deregulated in non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising from GC B cells, as a result of two distinct mechanisms: (1) chromosomal translocations leading to the substitution of the gene promoter region by sequences of a partner gene [8]; and (2) mutations affecting its 5′ no ...
... GC formation [7]. BCL-6 expression is deregulated in non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising from GC B cells, as a result of two distinct mechanisms: (1) chromosomal translocations leading to the substitution of the gene promoter region by sequences of a partner gene [8]; and (2) mutations affecting its 5′ no ...
Staphylococcal phenomics: metabolomic and proteomic responses
... changes and induces an inbuilt defence mechanism against environmental stressors [45]. The Des system of B. subtilis has been well studied in this regard and it has been revealed that two major types of proteins are involved in its cold sensing mechanism. One is Des K, a membrane-bound histidine kin ...
... changes and induces an inbuilt defence mechanism against environmental stressors [45]. The Des system of B. subtilis has been well studied in this regard and it has been revealed that two major types of proteins are involved in its cold sensing mechanism. One is Des K, a membrane-bound histidine kin ...
A Personal Account of Chaperonin History
... the discovery of GroES (6) and to evidence that the two groE gene products, GroEL and GroES, interacted with one another in vivo. Next Costa’s group purified GroES, showed that in vitro it formed a 1:1 complex with GroEL in the presence of ATP, that GroES inhibits the ATPase activity of GroEL, and t ...
... the discovery of GroES (6) and to evidence that the two groE gene products, GroEL and GroES, interacted with one another in vivo. Next Costa’s group purified GroES, showed that in vitro it formed a 1:1 complex with GroEL in the presence of ATP, that GroES inhibits the ATPase activity of GroEL, and t ...
magnetosome formation in prokaryotes
... These results indicate that magnetotaxis as a trait might have evolved several times and, moreover, could indicate that there is more than one biochemical/chemical pathway for the biomineralization of magnetic minerals by magnetotactic bacteria. Alternatively, these findings might also be explained ...
... These results indicate that magnetotaxis as a trait might have evolved several times and, moreover, could indicate that there is more than one biochemical/chemical pathway for the biomineralization of magnetic minerals by magnetotactic bacteria. Alternatively, these findings might also be explained ...
Chromosome Choreography: The Meiotic Ballet
... the SC (9). A number of re- Fig. 1. During prophase of meiosis I, chromosomes accomplish the three basic steps egans, synapsis occurs norpetitive DNA elements that of pairing, synapsis, and recombination. Interactions between one pair of homolo- mally even in the absence are located within the genet ...
... the SC (9). A number of re- Fig. 1. During prophase of meiosis I, chromosomes accomplish the three basic steps egans, synapsis occurs norpetitive DNA elements that of pairing, synapsis, and recombination. Interactions between one pair of homolo- mally even in the absence are located within the genet ...
SEDS proteins are a widespread family of bacterial
... B. subtilis is intrinsically resistant to moenomycin, and this resistance is dependent upon the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor SigM (σM)30 (Fig. 4d). Consistent with the idea that aPBPs are specifically targeted by moenomycin, we found that cells lacking all four aPBPs require sigM f ...
... B. subtilis is intrinsically resistant to moenomycin, and this resistance is dependent upon the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor SigM (σM)30 (Fig. 4d). Consistent with the idea that aPBPs are specifically targeted by moenomycin, we found that cells lacking all four aPBPs require sigM f ...
Cell Host and Microbe
... (Akashi et al., 2005) (Figure 1A). In soybean, GmHID1 catalyzes the reaction converting 2-hydroxyisoflavanones to isoflavones, mainly daidzein and genistein (Akashi et al., 2005). Because isoflavones are important secondary metabolites during plantmicrobe interactions, we selected GmHID1 for further ...
... (Akashi et al., 2005) (Figure 1A). In soybean, GmHID1 catalyzes the reaction converting 2-hydroxyisoflavanones to isoflavones, mainly daidzein and genistein (Akashi et al., 2005). Because isoflavones are important secondary metabolites during plantmicrobe interactions, we selected GmHID1 for further ...
Unexpected Complexity of Poly(A)-Binding Protein Gene Families in
... Most eukaryotes examined appear to have only one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster), two (C. elegans, Xenopus laevis), or three (Homo sapiens) functional PABP genes. In contrast, eight expressed PABP genes are found in Arabidopsis. Moreover, individual members of the Arabidopsis PAB ...
... Most eukaryotes examined appear to have only one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster), two (C. elegans, Xenopus laevis), or three (Homo sapiens) functional PABP genes. In contrast, eight expressed PABP genes are found in Arabidopsis. Moreover, individual members of the Arabidopsis PAB ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.