Thiroux_PPTs_Chpt2
... Criticisms of Act Utilitarianism • It is impractical to have to begin anew for each situation and to have to decide what would be moral for that situation – Is each act and each person completely and uniquely different? – An act utilitarian might argue that there are many similarities among people ...
... Criticisms of Act Utilitarianism • It is impractical to have to begin anew for each situation and to have to decide what would be moral for that situation – Is each act and each person completely and uniquely different? – An act utilitarian might argue that there are many similarities among people ...
Ethics - Handout 22 Susan Wolf, "Moral Saints"
... Utilitarianism: Wolf says U would not support moral sainthood as a universal ideal, because a world peopled only by moral saints would be less good than it could be. But it remains possible that individual utilitarians should aim, in their own lives, at being as morally good as possible. ...
... Utilitarianism: Wolf says U would not support moral sainthood as a universal ideal, because a world peopled only by moral saints would be less good than it could be. But it remains possible that individual utilitarians should aim, in their own lives, at being as morally good as possible. ...
Psychological Egoism - David Kelsey`s Philosophy Home Page
... It is a theory of psychological facts, not a prescription of ethical ideals. So psychological egoism tells us that we just do pursue our own self interest because this is how human psychological motivation works. ...
... It is a theory of psychological facts, not a prescription of ethical ideals. So psychological egoism tells us that we just do pursue our own self interest because this is how human psychological motivation works. ...
Morality and Ethics
... The Limitations of Conscience One last claim commonly offered by moral agents of all sorts, including business people, is that all we really need is our conscience. We all have good reason to doubt this if we reflect on our own moral failings. In addition, it’s easy enough to identify instanc ...
... The Limitations of Conscience One last claim commonly offered by moral agents of all sorts, including business people, is that all we really need is our conscience. We all have good reason to doubt this if we reflect on our own moral failings. In addition, it’s easy enough to identify instanc ...
Moral reasoning
... The money is paid and the contract is awarded. The president argues that his action is justifiable because the business, the workers jobs and the town were all saved, the minister was able to pay his debts and the foreign country received the planes it needed. The good produced, he agues, is greater ...
... The money is paid and the contract is awarded. The president argues that his action is justifiable because the business, the workers jobs and the town were all saved, the minister was able to pay his debts and the foreign country received the planes it needed. The good produced, he agues, is greater ...
Responsibility and the Demands of Morality Stephen J. White In
... appears, therefore, not to be a concern that arises for just any moral requirement. Rather it is the demandingness of beneficence in particular that we object to. And yet this restriction on the force of the objection remains mysterious. The second question concerns our narrow focus on the costs inc ...
... appears, therefore, not to be a concern that arises for just any moral requirement. Rather it is the demandingness of beneficence in particular that we object to. And yet this restriction on the force of the objection remains mysterious. The second question concerns our narrow focus on the costs inc ...
Theories of the Development of Moral Reasoning
... • Stage 5 (Social Contract Driven) The world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. • Stage 6 (Universal Ethical Principles Driven) Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universa ...
... • Stage 5 (Social Contract Driven) The world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. • Stage 6 (Universal Ethical Principles Driven) Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universa ...
Ethical Theories Power Point
... Once it is decided what is valued, philosophical principles should be applied. Examine – Aristotle's’ Golden Mean, Kant’s Categorical Imperative, and Utilitarianism. ...
... Once it is decided what is valued, philosophical principles should be applied. Examine – Aristotle's’ Golden Mean, Kant’s Categorical Imperative, and Utilitarianism. ...
Virtue As the
... 7 a: a person marked by notable or conspicuous traits
b: one of the persons of a drama or novel
c: the personality or part which an actor recreates
d: characterization especially in drama or fiction
e: person, individual
... 7 a: a person marked by notable or conspicuous traits
The moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724
... One‟s moral motivation in doing an action is all-important, thus Kantian ethics is a deontological (non-consequentialist) theory of ethics. The proper moral motivation for doing our duties is the sense of duty itself. „The good will’ is the will motivated by duty and duty alone (“duty for duty‟s sak ...
... One‟s moral motivation in doing an action is all-important, thus Kantian ethics is a deontological (non-consequentialist) theory of ethics. The proper moral motivation for doing our duties is the sense of duty itself. „The good will’ is the will motivated by duty and duty alone (“duty for duty‟s sak ...
P H I L O S O P H Y
... relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility. ...
... relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility. ...
P H I L O S O P H Y
... relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility. ...
... relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility. ...
Ethics - David Kelsey`s Philosophy Home Page
... Support from value: So if we are trying to infer a value claim, at least one of the supporting propositions must be a value claim. ...
... Support from value: So if we are trying to infer a value claim, at least one of the supporting propositions must be a value claim. ...
pragmatism and relativism
... values are not the sort of things that one can know about in the way we can have knowledge of ordinary states of affairs. Other people argue based on metaphysical arguments that objective moral facts do not exist. Proponents of this anti-realist position sometimes use the denial of objective moral f ...
... values are not the sort of things that one can know about in the way we can have knowledge of ordinary states of affairs. Other people argue based on metaphysical arguments that objective moral facts do not exist. Proponents of this anti-realist position sometimes use the denial of objective moral f ...
Ethical theories Lecture 2, MS008A 1
... utility or the greatest happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure’ (Utilitari ...
... utility or the greatest happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure’ (Utilitari ...
Preview Sample 1
... conclusion that all three of these religions have their own version of the Golden Rule imbedded in their religious code of conduct. ...
... conclusion that all three of these religions have their own version of the Golden Rule imbedded in their religious code of conduct. ...
Comparison of Ethical Theories
... There is no question that much of our behavior is influenced by our emotions and that, by and large, we have social feelings. Hedonism The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain are major factors in life, and there are higher and lower pleasures. Egoism There is no question that people look o ...
... There is no question that much of our behavior is influenced by our emotions and that, by and large, we have social feelings. Hedonism The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain are major factors in life, and there are higher and lower pleasures. Egoism There is no question that people look o ...
ILA Powerpoint - Society for Personality and Social Psychology
... These 2 themes, or dimensions, emerged across a number of studies of individual differences in moral judgment ...
... These 2 themes, or dimensions, emerged across a number of studies of individual differences in moral judgment ...
Reason for the Case
... own action. Ethical egoism holds that actions whose consequences will benefit the doer can be considered ethical (IEP, 2014). Utilitarianism Utilitarianism, at its most basic, states that something is moral, or good when it produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people, that ...
... own action. Ethical egoism holds that actions whose consequences will benefit the doer can be considered ethical (IEP, 2014). Utilitarianism Utilitarianism, at its most basic, states that something is moral, or good when it produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people, that ...
Deontological ethics
... totally binding on all human beings – religious people may feel this standard comes from a supreme being Relativist – an ethical system that believes there is no absolute right or wrong. They do not see morality as imposing binding obligation on human beings to behave in a particular way. They see m ...
... totally binding on all human beings – religious people may feel this standard comes from a supreme being Relativist – an ethical system that believes there is no absolute right or wrong. They do not see morality as imposing binding obligation on human beings to behave in a particular way. They see m ...
What is Morality --
... What is moral reasoning? The morally right things to do is whatever there are the best reasons for doing. The facts of the case support our reasoning for a particular choice being right. ...
... What is moral reasoning? The morally right things to do is whatever there are the best reasons for doing. The facts of the case support our reasoning for a particular choice being right. ...
business ethics
... Different levels and perspective How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of the fence? ...
... Different levels and perspective How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of the fence? ...
Lecture 5: Consequential and Deontological Ethics:
... assumes the predisposition that one wishes to be rational and will follow what rationally determined duty dictates (in contrast to hypothetical imperatives which means that the consequent depends upon the antecedent: If p, then q). Thus, morality is a function of human reason. Human reason is govern ...
... assumes the predisposition that one wishes to be rational and will follow what rationally determined duty dictates (in contrast to hypothetical imperatives which means that the consequent depends upon the antecedent: If p, then q). Thus, morality is a function of human reason. Human reason is govern ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.